2 SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
2.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements
The Standalone Financial Statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with. Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) prescribed
under section 133 of the Companies Act 2013, read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standard) Rules, 2015 as amended time to time.
The standalone financial statements up to year ended March 31, 2025 were prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP) in India and complied with the applicable accounting standards prescribed in the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2021 issued by the
Central Government and as per relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 read together with Paragraph 7 of The Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014,
The Company followed the provisions of Ind-AS 101 in preparing its opening Ind AS Balance Sheet as of the date of transition i.e April 1, 2023 and
transitional adjustment were recognized directly through retained earnings (Refer Note 51)
Accounting Policies have been consistently applied except where a newly issued Ind AS is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard required a change
Accounting Standards notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013, as amended (the "Act"), read with the Companies (Indian Accounting
Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended ("Ind AS"), with effect from 01 April 2024. Accordingly, the transition date for adoption of Ind AS is April 01 2023.
The accounting policies have been consistently applied by the Company in preparation of the Standalone Financial Information and are consistent with
those adopted in the preparation of the Ind AS financial statements.
2.2 Basis of preparation and presentation
The Financial Information have been prepared on a historical cost basis considering the applicable Act except
the following material items that have been measured at fair value as required by relevant Ind AS. Nevertheless, historical cost is generally based at
the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services.
The Financial Information are presented in Indian Rupee (?) and all values are rounded to the Rupee in millions , unless otherwise stated.
Whenever the Company changes the presentation or classification of items in its financial information materially, the Company reclassifies comparative
amounts, unless impracticable.
2.3 Use of Estimate and judgment
In the application of accounting policy which are described in notes below, the management is required to make judgment, estimates and
assumptions about the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, income and expenses, contingent liabilities and the accompanying disclosures that
are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are
considered to be relevant and are prudent and reasonable. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which
the estimates are revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and
future period.
The few critical estimations and judgments made in applying accounting policies are:
a Property, Plant and Equipment:
Useful life of Property Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets are as specified in Schedule II to the Act, and on certain intangible
assets based on technical advice which considered the nature of the asset, the usage of the asset and anticipated technological changes.
b Impairment of Non-financial Assets:
For calculating the recoverable amount of non-financial assets, the Company is required to estimate the value-in-use of the asset or the Cash Generating
Unit and the fair value less costs to disposal. For calculating value in use the Company is required to estimate the cash flows to be generated from
using the asset. The fair value of an assets is estimated using a valuation technique where observable prices are not available. Further, the discount
rate used for value in use calculations includes an estimate of risk assessment specific to the asset.
c Impahmem uf Fhutnclcil Assets.
The Company impairs financial assets other than those measured at fair value through profit or loss or designated at fair value through other
comprehensive income on expected credit losses. The estimation of expected credit loss includes the estimation of probability of default (PD), loss
given default (LCD) and the exposure at default (EAD). Estimation of probability of default apart from involving trend analysis of past delinquency
rates include an estimation on forward-looking information relating to not only the counterparty but also relating to the industry and the economy
as a whole. The probability of default is estimated for the entire life of the contract by estimating the cash flows that are likely to be received in default
scenario. The lifetime PD is reduced to 12 month PD based on an assessment of past history of default cases in 12 months. Further, the loss given
default is calculated based on an estimate of the value of the security recoverable as on the reporting date. The exposure at default is the amount
outstanding at the balance sheet date.
d Defined Benefit Plans:
The cost of the defined benefit plan and other post-employment benefits and the present value of such obligations are determined using actuarial
valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the
determination of the discount raJft^JiuFure salary increases, mortality rates and attrition rate. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its
long-term nature, a defined i obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are revie\^ettG^U reporting date.
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e Fair Value Measurement of Financial Instruments:
When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active
markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. The inputs to these models are
taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values, judgments
include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported
fair value of financial instruments.
f Allowances for expected credit loss
The Company makes provision for expected credit losses through appropriate estimations of irrecoverable amount. The identification of expected
credit loss requires use of judgment and estimates. The Company evaluates trade receivables ageing and makes a provision for those debts as per the
provisioning policy. Where the expectation is different from the original estimate, such difference will impact the carrying value of the trade and
other receivables and doubtful debts expenses in the period in which such estimate has been changed.
g Valuation of deferred tax
The Company reviews the carrying amount of deferred tax assets at the end of each reporting period.
h Lease
Lease accounting after evaluating the right to use the underlying assets, substance of the transactions including legally enforceable arrangements and other
significant terms and conditions of the arrangement to conclude whether the arrangements meet the criteria under Ind AS 116.
2.4 Property, Plant and Equipment
For transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of Property, Plant and Equipment ('PPL') recognized as of 1
April, 2023 (transition date) measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost of the PPF as on the transition date.
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses except freehold land which is
not depreciated. Cost includes purchase price (after deducting trade discount / rebate), non-refundable duties and taxes, cost of replacing the
component parts, borrowing costs and other directly attributable cost to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable
of operating in the manner intended by management, and the initial estimates of the cost of dismantling / removing the item and restoring the site
on which it is located.
Spares parts procured along with the Plant and Equipment or subsequently individually which meets the recognition criteria of PPL are capitalized
and added to the carrying amount of such items. The carrying amount of those spare parts that are replaced are derecognized when no future economic
benefits are expected from their use or upon disposal. If the cost of the replaced part is not available, the estimated cost of similar new parts is used
as an indication of what the cost of the existing part was when the item was acquired.
An item of PPE is derecognized on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from use. Any gain or loss arising on the derecognition
of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset
and is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.
The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value. Where the residual value of an asset increases to an amount equal
to or greater than the asset's carrying amount, no depreciation charge is recognized till the asset's residual value decreases below the asset's carrying
amount. Depreciation of an asset begins when it is available for use, i.e., when it is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of
operating in the intended manner. Depreciation of an asset ceases at the earlier of the date that the asset is classified as held for sale in accordance
with IND AS 105 and the date that the asset is derecognized,
Impairment of tangible assets
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its PPE to determine whether there is any indication that these
assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent
of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the
recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit ('CGU') to which .the asset belongs. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its
recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
The resulting impairment loss is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are
discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of monev and the risks
specific to the asset. In determining fair value less cost to sell, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be
identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.
Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or CGU is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable
amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss
been recognized for the asset or CGU in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
2.5 Intangible assets
For transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of intangible assets recognized as of 1 April, 2023 (transition date)
measured as per the Previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost of the PPE as on the transition date.
Intangible assets are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated amortization and impairment, if any. Intangible assets purchased are
measured at cost as at the date of acquisition, as applicable, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any. The estimated useful
life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic
factors (such as the stability of the industry, and known technological advances), and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the
expected future cash flows from the asset.
2.6 Foreign Currency Transactions
The financial information of Company are presented in INK, which is also the functional currency. In preparing the financial information, transactions
in currencies other than the entity's functional currency are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions, line date
of transaction in case j}f.--~adva;Qce receipts is determined considering the advance receipts and subsequent exports as a single tranga^titij^^/Xt the end
of each reporting items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at that d^^F@iyho^b4my items
denominated in fomtofyuVr.ene^Mmvj^'wytcd at the exchange rale ruling on the dale of transaction. /'Cy\
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Exchange diffen/if&s/ on moneW\) \\items are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the periofUji./ which tftej^i arise.
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2.7 Inventories
Traded goods are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of inventories comprises all costs of purchase price and other incidental costs
incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on weighted average basis Net realizable value is
the estimated selling price in the ordinarv course of business, less estimated costs of completion and to make the sale.
Goods and materials in transit include materials, duties and taxes (other than those subsequentlv recoverable from tax authorities) labour cost and
other related overheads incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary
to make the sale.
The amount of anv write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all abnormal losses of inventories are recognized as expense in the Statement of Profit
and Loss in the period in which such write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of the write-down of inventories arising from increase in
the NRV is recognized as a reduction from the amount of inventories recognized as an expense in the period in which reversal occurs.
2.8 Fair value measurement
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at
the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair
value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of asset and liability if market participants would take those into
consideration. Fair value for measurement and / or disclosure purposes in these Financial Statements is determined on such basis except for
transactions in the scope of Ind AS 2, 17 and 36. Normally at initial recognition, the transaction price is the best evidence of fair value.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability,
assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in
its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques those are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value,
maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All financial assets and financial liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the Financial Statements are categorized within the fair
value hierarch)’, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable.
Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.
Financial assets and financial liabilities that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred
between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization at the end of each reporting period.
2.9 Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. The
Company recognizes a financial asset or financial liability in its balance sheet only when the entity becomes part)' to the contractual provisions of the
instrument.
a Financial Assets
A financial asset inter-alia includes any asset that is cash, equity instrument of another entity or contractual obligation to receive cash or another
financial asset or to exchange financial asset or financial liability under condition that are potentially favorable to the Company.
Financial assets of the Company comprise trade receivable, cash and cash equivalents, Bank balances, loans to employee / related parties / others,
security deposit, claims recoverable etc.
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets except trade receivable are recognized initially at fair value. The financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss,
are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial
assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are charged in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Where transaction price is not the measure of fair
value and fair value is determined using a valuation method that uses data from observable market, the difference between transaction price and
fair value is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss and in other cases spread over life of the financial instrument using effective interest.
The Company measures the trade receivables at their transaction price, if the trade receivables do not contain a significant financing component.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement financial assets are classified in three categories:
- Financial assets measured at amortized cost
- Financial assets at fair value through OC1
- Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets measured at amortized cost
Financial assets are measured at amortized cost if the financials asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in
order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments
of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. These financials assets are amortized using the effective interest rate ('E1R') method, less
impairment. Amortized cost is calculated bv taking into account an)' discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part
of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized
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Financial assets at fair value through OCI ('FVTOCI')
Financial assets are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective
is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified
dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. At initial recognition, an irrevocable
election is made (on an instrument-by-instrument basis) to designate investments in equity instruments other than held for trading purpose at FVTOCI.
Fair value changes are recognized in the other comprehensive income ('OCI'). However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses
and reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss. On derecognition of the financial asset other than equity
instruments designated as FVTOCI, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss ('FVTPL')
Any financial asset that does not meet the criteria for classification as at amortized cost or as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive
income is classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. Further, financial assets at fair value through profit or loss also include
financial assets held for trading and financial assets designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets are
classified as held for trading if they are acquired for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term. Financial assets at fair value through
profit or loss are fair valued at each reporting date with all the changes recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Derecognition
The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial
asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantial!)'
all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the financial asset, the Company recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an
associated liability' for amounts it may have to pay.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company assesses impairment based on expected credit loss ('EOT) model on the following:
- Financial assets that are measured at amortized cost; and
- Financial assets measured at FVTOCI.
ECL is measured through a loss allowance on a following basis:-
- The 12 month expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from those default events on the financial instruments that are possible within
12 months after the reporting date)
- Full life time expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the life of financial instruments)
The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment on trade receivables or contract assets resulting from normal business
transactions. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. However, it recognizes impairment
loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, from the date of initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets, the Company determines whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk
since initial recognition. If credit risk has increased significant!)’, lifetime ECL is provided. For assessing increase in credit risk and impairment loss,
the Company assesses the credit risk characteristics on instrument-bv-instrunient basis.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the
entity expects to receive (i.o. all cash shortfalls) discounted at the original EIR.
Impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as expense/income in the Statement of Profit and Loss,
b Financial Liabilities
The Company's financial liabilities include loans and borrowings including bank overdraft, trade payables, accrued expenses and other payables etc.
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial liabilities at initial recognition are classified as financial liabilities at amortized cost or financial liabilities at fair value through profit
or loss, as appropriate. All financial liabilities classified at amortized cost are recognized initially at fair value net of directly attributable transaction
costs. An\’ difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the fair value at initial recognition is recognized in the Statement of Profit
and I..,oss or in the CWIP, if another standard permits inclusion of such cost in the carrying amount of an asset over the period of the borrowings using
the Effective interest rate ('EIR') method.
Subsequent measurement
The subsequent measurement of financial liabilities depends upon the classification as described below:-
Financial Liabilities classified as Amortized Cost
Financial Liabilities that are not held for trading and are not designated as at FVTFL are measured at amortized cost at the end of subsequent
accounting periods. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral
part of the EIR. Interest expense that is not capitalized as part of costs of assets is included as Finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Financial Liabilities classified as Fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)
Financial liabilities classified as FVTPL includes financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition
as FVTPL. Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they' are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. Financial
liabilities designated upon initial recognition at FVTPL only' if the criteria in Ind AS 109 is satisfied.
Derecognition
A financial liability' is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged / cancelled / expired. When an existing financial liability
is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability' are substantially modified, such an
exchange or modification is treated as the de recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective
carrying amounts is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right
to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
Share capital and share premium —
Ordinary' shares are classified^g-rx^-ultj^lncreniental costs directly' attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity' acyS^et of tax
from the proceeds. Par va,lp<^ share is recorded as share capital and the amount received in excess of the par share
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Dividend Distribution to equity shareholders
The Company recognizes a liability to make cash distributions to equity holders when the distribution is authorized and the distribution is no longer
at the discretion of the Company. As per the corporate laws in India, a distribution is authorized when it is approved by the shareholders.
A corresponding amount is recognized directly in other equity along with any tax thereon.
2.10 Government Grants
Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them and that the
grants will be received.
Grants in the form of non-monetarv assets are recognized at fair value and presented as deferred income which is recognized in the Statement of Profit
and Loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption of the benefit of the underlying asset.
Government grants (grants related to income) are recognized as income over the periods necessary to match them with the costs for which they are
intended to compensate on a systematic basis. Government grants that are receivable as compensation for expenses or losses already incurred or for
the purpose of providing immediate financial support with no future related costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period
in which they become receivable. Grants related to income are presented under other income in the Statement of Profit and Loss except for grants
received in the form of rebate or exemption which are deducted in reporting the related expense.
The benefit of a government loan at a below-market rate of interest is treated as a government grant and measured as the difference between proceeds
received and the fair value of the loan based on prevailing market interest rates. The grant set up as deferred income is recognized in the Statement of
Profit and Loss on a systematic basis.
2.11 Investments
Current investments are carried at lower of cost and fair value. Non-current investments are stated at cost. Provision for diminution in the value of
long term investment is made only if such a decline is other than temporary.
2.12 Leases
Where the Company is a lessee-
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if a contract conveys the
right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to
control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether:
- the contract conveys the right to use an identified asset;
- the Company has the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from use of the asset throughout the period of use; and
- the Company has the right to direct the use of the identified asset.
At the date of commencement of a lease, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset ("ROU assets") and a corresponding lease liability for all leases,
except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short-term leases) and low value leases, For short-term and low value leases, the Company
recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Lease liability is measured by discounting the lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the
incremental borrowing rates.
Lease payments are allocated between principal and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease period so
as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period. The ROU assets are initially recognized at
cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability' adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease
plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives and restoration costs. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and
impairment losses, if any. ROU assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the asset's useful life or the lease whichever is shorter. Impairment
of ROU assets is in accordance with the Company's accounting policy for impairment of tangible and intangible assets.
Where the Company is a lessor-
Lease income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight- line basis over the
lease term.
2.13 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at banks and on hand, cheques on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or
less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
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