2.1 Summary of significant accounting policies
a) Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Indian GAAP requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that
affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the end of the reporting period.
Although these estimates are based on the management's best knowledge of current events and actions, uncertainty about these assumptions and
estimates could result in the outcomes requiring a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities in future periods.
b) Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment, capital work in progress are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The
cost comprises purchase price, borrowing costs if capitalisation criteria are met, directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for
the intended use and initial estimate of decommissioning, restoring and similar liabilities. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the
purchase price. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment. When significant parts of property, plant and equipment are
required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is
performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other
repair and maintenance costs are recognised in statement of profit or loss as incurred.
Gains or losses arising from derecognition of property, plant and equipment are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the
carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
c) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (on FIFO) and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered
necessary. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale. Work-in-progress and finished goods include appropriate proportion of
overheads.
d) Depreciation on property, plant and equipment and intangibles
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is provided on straight line basis using the rates arrived at based on the useful lives specified in the
Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Generally, the Company depreciate assets in full in the same year if costing below Rs. 5000 considering the life and
nature.
Depreciation and amortisation on assets acquired / disposed of during the year is provided on pro-rata basis with reference to the date of acquisition /
disposal.
Intangible fixed assets are amortized over the period of live years on a straight line basis from the year of capitalization.
e) Impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets
The Company assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual
impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an
asset's or cash-generating unit's (CGU) net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset
does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU
exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated
future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money
and the risks specific to the asset. In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no such transactions
can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used.
The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations which are prepared separately for each of the Company's cash¬
generating units to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations are generally covering a period of five years. For
longer periods, a long term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year.
Impairment losses of continuing operations are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
An assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognised impairment losses may no longer exist or
may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset's or cash-generating unit's recoverable amount. A previously recognised
impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable amount since the last
impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the
carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal
is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
f) Revenue recognition
Revenue from domestic sale of goods is recognized when significant risks and rewards in respect of ownership of products are transfers to Customers.
Revenue from export sales is recognized on shipment of products.
Revenue from product sales is stated exclusive of goods and service tax and applicable trade discounts and allowances.
Dividend income is recognized when the unconditional right to receive the income is established. Income from interest on deposits, loans and interest
bearing securities is recognized on the time proportionate method.
Profit on sale of investments is recorded on transfer of title from the Company and is determined as the difference between the sales price and the
carrying value of the investment.
Interest income is accounted on time proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable, inclusive of related tax
deducted at source.
g) Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number
of equity shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as
bonus issue, bonus element in a rights issue, share split and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changed the number of equity shares
outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average
number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
h) Foreign currency transactions
Initial recognition
Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting
currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
Conversion
Foreign currency monetary items are retranslated using the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date. Non-monetary items, which are measured in
terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency, are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items, which
are measured at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency, are translated using the exchange rate at the date when such value
was determined.
Treatment of exchange differences
Exchange differences arising on settlement / restatement of foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities of the Company are recognised as income or
expense in the statement of profit and loss.
i) Leases
Where the Company is the lessee
Leases where the lessor effectively retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of the leased item, are classified as operating leases.
Operating lease payments are recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
j) Retirement benefits
Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to
the provident fund. The Company recognises contribution payable to the provident fund scheme as an expenditure, when an employee renders the related
service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit
payable to the scheme is recognised as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution
due for services received before the balance sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the pre payment will lead to, for example,
a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.
The Company operates defined benefit plan for its employees viz. gratuity. The costs of providing benefits under these plans are determined on the basis of
actuarial valuation at each year-end. Separate actuarial valuation is carried out for each plan using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and
losses for both defined benefit plans are recognised in full in the period in which they occur in the statement of profit and loss.
Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilised within the next 12 months, is treated as short-term employee benefit. The Company measures the
expected cost of such absences as the additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the reporting
date.
The Company recognises termination benefit as a liability and an expense when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event, it is
probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the
amount of the obligation. If the termination benefits fall due more than 12 months after the balance sheet date, they are measured at present value of
future cash flows using the discount rate determined by reference to market yields at the balance sheet date on government bonds.
k) Income taxes
Tax expense comprises of current and deferred tax. Current income tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance
with the Income-tax Act, 1961 enacted in India. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively
enacted, at the reporting date.
Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of timing differences between taxable income and accounting income originating during the current year and
reversal of timing differences for the earlier years. Deferred tax is measured using the tax rates and the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the
reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable timing differences. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that there is reasonable
certainty that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised. In situation where the Company has
unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward losses, deferred tax assets are recognised only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that
they can be realised against future taxable profits.
At each reporting date, the company re-assesses unrecognised deferred tax assets. It recognises unrecognised deferred tax asset to the extent that it has
become reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case may be, that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax
assets can be realised.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date. The Company writes-down the carrying amount of deferred tax asset
to the extent that it is no longer reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case may be that sufficient future taxable income will be available against
which deferred tax asset can be realised. Any such write down is reversed to the extent that is becomes reasonably certain or virtually certain, as the case
may be that sufficient future taxable income will be available.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and
the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to the taxes on income levied by same governing taxation laws.
Minimum alternate tax (MAT) paid in a year is charged to the statement of profit and loss as current tax. The Company recognises MAT credit available as
an asset only to the extent that there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period, i.e., the period for
which MAT credit is allowed to be carried forward. In the year in which the Company recognises MAT credit as an asset in accordance with the Guidance
Note on Accounting for Credit Available in respect of Minimum Alternative Tax under the Income-tax Act, 1961, the said asset is created by way of credit to
the statement of profit and loss and shown as "MAT Credit Entitlement.” The Company reviews the "MAT credit entitlement” asset at each reporting date
and writes down the asset to the extent the Company does not have convincing evidence that it will pay normal tax during the specified period.
l) Borrowing Cost
Borrowing cost includes interest and amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings.
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get
ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the respective asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period they occur.
m) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of cash flow statement comprises cash at bank and in hand and short-term investments with an original
maturity of three months or less.
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