A Property Plant & Equipment
A.1 Initial recognition and measurement
An item of property, plant and equipments recognized as an asset if and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
Items of Property, Plant and Equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation/amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to bringing the asset, inclusive of non-refundable taxes & duties, to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lifes, they are recognized separately.
Items of spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment which meet the definition of Property, Plant and Equipment are capitalized.
Property, Plant and Equipments which are not ready for intended use as on the date of Balance Sheet are disclosed as 'Capital Work-In-Progress'.
A.2. Subsequent costs
Subsequent expenditure is recognized as an increase in the carrying amount of the asset when it is probable that future economic benefits deriving from the cost incurred will flow to the enterprise and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Company and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of Property, Plant and Equipment are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
A. 3. Derecognition
Property, Plant and Equipment are derecognized when no future economic benefits are expected from their use or upon their disposal. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
A.4. Depreciation/amortization
Depreciable amount for assets is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its estimated residual value. Depreciation on PPE has been provided on the written down value method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
Depreciation on additions to/deductions from property, plant and equipment during the year is charged on pro-rata basis from/up to the date on which the asset is available for use/disposed.
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment except leasehold land is provided on their estimated useful life as prescribed by Schedule II of Companies Act, 2013.
B Capital work-in-progress
The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials & direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and borrowing costs.
Expenses directly attributable to construction of property, plant and equipment incurred till they are ready for their intended use are identified and allocated on a systematic basis on the cost of related assets.
C Intangible assets and intangible assets under development C.1 Initial recognition and measurement
An intangible asset is recognized if and only if it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the company and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.
Intangible assets that are acquired by the Company, which have finite useful lives, are recognized at cost. Subsequent measurement is done at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes any directly attributable incidental expenses necessary to make the assets ready for its intended use.
Expenditure on development activities is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset.
Expenditure incurred which are eligible for capitalizations under intangible assets are carried as intangible assets under development till they are ready for their intended use.
C.2 Subsequent costs
Subsequent expenditure is recognized as an increase in the carrying amount of the asset when it is probable that future economic benefits deriving from the cost incurred will flow to the enterprise and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
C.3 Derecognition
An intangible asset is derecognized when no future economic benefits are expected from their use or upon their disposal. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of intangible assets are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of intangible assets and are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
C.4 Amortization
Intangible assets having definite life are amortized on straight line methodin their useful lives. Useful life of computer software is estimated at Six years.
D Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (e.g. on FIFO / weighted average basis) and the net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where considered necessary. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale, including STT, Cess and other levies.
E Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and cash on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to insignificant risk of change in value.
F Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
F.1 Financial assets:
F.1.1 Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus or minus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs are attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset, otherwise charged to Statement of Profit & Loss.
F.1.2 Subsequent measurement
Financial assets are subsequently classified and measured at:
• Financial assets at amortised cost
• Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)
• Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI).
a) Trade Receivables
Trade receivables are initially recognised at fair value. Subsequently, these assets are held at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate (EIR) method net of any expected credit losses wherever applicable. The EIR is the rate that discounts estimated future cash income through the expected life of financial instrument.
b) Debt instruments
i) Measured at amortized cost
A 'debt instrument' is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
(a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual cash flows, and
(b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income in the profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognized in the profit or loss.
ii) Measured at FVTOCI (Fair Value through OCI)
A 'debt instrument' is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:
(a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets, and
(b) The asset's contractual cash flows represent SPPI.
Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the OCI. However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses & reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in the profit and loss. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to profit and loss. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest income using the EIR method.
iii) Measured at FVTPL (Fair value through profit or loss)
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
In addition, the Company may elect to classify a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as 'accounting mismatch'). Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the profit and loss.
c) Equity Instruments:
All investments in equity instruments in entities other than subsidiaries and joint ventures are measured at fair value. Equity instruments if held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Company decides to classify the same either as at FVTOCI or FVTPL. The Company makes such election on an instrument by instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.Investments in subsidiaries and Joint Venture are carried at cost. The cost comprises price paid to acquire investment and directly attributable cost
If the company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instruments, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to P&L, even on sale of investment as the company transfers cumulative gain or loss within the equity.
Equity instruments if classified as FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in the profit and loss.
F.1.3 Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a Company of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognized (i.e. removed from the Company's balance sheet) when:
• The contractual rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
• The Company has transferred its contratcual rights to receive cash flows from the asset.
F.1.4 Impairment of Financial Asset
Expected credit losses are recognized for all financial assets subsequent to initial recognition in Statement of Profit & Loss other than financials assets in FVTPL category.
For recognition of impairment loss on financial assets other than Trade receivables, the company determines whether there has been a sigificant increase in the credit risk since initial recogniton. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide impairmnet loss. However, If credit risk is increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used.
If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12- Month ECL.
For trade receivables Company applies 'simplified approach' which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables. The Company uses historical default rates to determine impairment loss on the portfolio of trade receivables. At every reporting date these historical default rates are reviewed and changes in the forward looking estimates are analysed.
For other assets, the Company uses 12 month ECL to provide for impairment loss where there is no significant increase in credit risk. If there is significant increase in credit risk full lifetime ECL is used.
F.2 Financial liabilities F.2.1 Initial recognition and measurement
All financial liabilities are recognized at fair value and in case of loans, net of directly attributable cost. Fees of recurring nature are directly recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as finance cost.
F.2.2 Subsequent measurement
Financial liabilities are carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and any material transaction that are any integral part of the EIR. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
Financial liabilities carried at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value with all changes in fair value recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
F.2.3 Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.
F.3 Derivative financial instruments
The Company uses forwards to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are also subsequently measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to Statement of Profit and Loss.
G Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments, such as,derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the company. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest. A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use. The company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is signifi cant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period. The Company determines the policies and procedures for both recurring fair value measurement, such as derivative instruments and unquoted financial assets measured at fair value, and for non-recurring measurement, such as assets held for distribution in discontinued operations.
F Impairment of Non-Financial Assets
The Company, in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 36 "Impairment of Assets" , has adopted the practice of assessing at each Balance Sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, then the company provides for the loss for impairment of Assets after estimating the recoverable amount of the assets.
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