1.3 Material Accounting Policies and Key Accounting Estimates and Judgements
1.3.1 Use of estimates:

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and
assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and notes thereto. The
management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable and prudent. However,
actual results could differ from these estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognized
prospectively in the current and future period.

This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgment or complexity,
and of items which are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning
out to be different than those originally assessed. Detailed information about each of these estimates
and judgments is included in the relevant notes together with information about the basis of calculation
for each affected line item in the financial statements.

The areas where significant estimates were made by the management are:

i) Defined employee benefit obligations- Refer Note No 1.3.15

ii) Estimation of useful life of Property, Plant and Equipment Refer Note No 1.3.6

iii) Estimation and evaluation of provisions and contingencies relating to tax litigations Refer Note
No 1.3.17

iv) Recoverability/Recognition of Deferred Tax Assets Refer Note No 1.3.13 b

1.3.2 Statement of Compliance

The standalone financial statements of the company have been prepared in accordance with the
Indian Accounting Standards (IND AS) notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (“the
Act”) read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and relevant provisions of
the act.

The standalone financial statements for the year ended 31st March 2025 were authorized and approved
for issue by the Board of Directors on 15th May 2025 and is subject to adoption by shareholders in the
ensuing Annual General Meeting

1.3.3 Overall Consideration

The Standalone financial statements of the Company have been prepared using the significant
accounting policies and measurement bases summarised below. These were used throughout all
periods presented in the financial statements in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind
AS”) specified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (“the Act”), read with Companies (Indian
Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, (as amended from time to time).

1.3.4 Basis of preparation and presentation

The standalone financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis, except for certain
financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained
in the accounting policies below:

Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods
and services.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price
is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of
an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if
market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability
at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial
statements is determined on such a basis, except for share-based payment transactions that are
within the scope of Ind AS 102, leasing transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 116, and
measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realizable
value in Ind AS 2 or value in use in Ind AS 36.

In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorized into Level 1,2,
or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the
significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:

• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that
the entity can access at the measurement date;

• Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for
the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

1.3.5 Current / Non-Current Classification

An asset or liability is classified as current if it satisfies any of the following conditions

(i) the asset / liability is expected to be realized / settled in the Company’s normal operating cycle;

(ii) the asset is intended for sale or consumption;

(iii) the asset / liability is held primarily for the purpose of trading;

(iv) the asset / liability is expected to be realized / settled within twelve months after the reporting
period;

(v) the asset is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle
a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period;

(vi) in the case of a liability, the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement
of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets and liabilities are classified as non-current

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization
in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

1.3.6 Property Plant and equipment

a. The cost of an item of Property, Plant and equipment (PPE) is recognized as assets if, and
only if:

• It is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the entity.

• The cost of the item can be reliably measured.

• The cost of property, plant and equipment at stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation,
amortization and cumulative impairment.

• The cost of the Property, plant and equipment comprises of purchase price, including import
duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates and
also includes any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition
necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

Depreciation/ Amortization

• Cost of property, plant and equipment is depreciated on a straight line basis over the useful
lives of the assets prescribed in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.

• Residual value is generally considered between 0-5 percent of cost of assets.

• Estimated useful life of the following assets is in line with useful life prescribed in Schedule II
of Companies Act, 2013

b. Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less
accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recognized on a
straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life is reviewed annually
with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.

Useful lives of intangible assets

Intangible assets are amortized equally over the estimated useful life not exceeding five years.
Estimated useful life of Computer Software is five years.

De-recognition of tangible and intangible assets

An item of tangible and intangible asset is de-recognized upon disposal or when no future
economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss
arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of tangible and intangible assets is determined
as the difference between the sales proceeds if any and the carrying amount of the asset is
recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Impairment of tangible and intangible assets

The Company annually reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets
to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment
loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order
to determine the extent of the impairment loss, if any. When it is not possible to estimate the
recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of
the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a reasonable and consistent basis
of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash generating
units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a
reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing
value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre¬
tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the
risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash- generating unit) is estimated to be less than its
carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its
recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in Statement of Profit and
Loss.

When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a
cash generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, so that
the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been
determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in
prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in Statement of Profit
and Loss.

1.3.7 Revenue Recognition

Ind AS 115 "Revenue Recognition" deals with recognition of revenue and established principles for
reporting useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount of timing and
uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. Revenue is
recognised when a customer obtains control of a promised goods or services and thus has the ability
to direct the use and obtain the benefits therein and reflects the consideration to which the entity
expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services.

As per Ind AS 115 following is the process to be applied before revenue can be recognised:

• Identification of contracts with customers;

• Identification of the separate performance obligation;

• Determination of the transaction price of the contract;

• Allocation of the transaction price of the separate performance obligations; and

• Recognition of revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue from sale of traded goods recognised as follows:

Revenue is recognised when the control of the same is transferred to the customer and it is probable
that the Company will collect the consideration to which it is entitled for the exchanged goods.

a. Revenue from services is recognized as follows:

1. Cost plus contracts: Revenue from cost plus contracts is recognised over time and is
determined with reference to the extent performance obligations have been satisfied. The
amount of transaction price allocated to the performance obligations satisfied represents the
recoverable costs incurred during the period plus the margin as agreed with the customer.

2. Fixed Price Contracts: Revenue from rendering of services is recognised over time as the
customer receives the benefit of the Company’s performance and the Company has an
enforceable right to payment for services transferred.

b. Interest Income:

Interest income from debt instruments is recognized using the effective interest rate method.
The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts
through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying value of a financial asset.
While calculating the effective interest rate, the company estimates the expected cash flows
by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment,
extension, call and similar options), but does not consider the expected credit losses.

c. Dividend Income:

Dividends are recognized in profit or loss only when the right to receive payment is established
and the amount dividend can be reliably measured.

d. Rental Income:

Rental Income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

1.3.8 Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Net realisable value represents the
estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to
make the sale. Stock of provisions, stores and other consumables are valued at cost on FIFO basis.

1.3.9 Leases

The Company assesses at contract inception whether a contract is, or contains a lease. That is, if the
contract conveys the right to control the use of as identified asset for a period of time in exchange for
consideration.

a. Company as a lessee

The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except
for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities
to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying
assets.

b. Right to use assets

The company recognises right of use assets as at the commencement date of lease (i.e., the
date the underlying assets is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less
any accumulated depreciation and impairment of losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of
lease liabilities. The cost of right of use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised,
initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less
any lease incentives received. Right-of-use are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the
shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets.

If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the company at the end of the lease term or the cost
reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful
life of the assets. The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment.

c. Lease Liabilities

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises the lease liabilities measured
at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments
include fixed payments (including in- substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives
receivables, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected
to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price
of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of
penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option
to terminate.

After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion
of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease
liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the
lease payments or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.
The company’s lease liabilities are included in interest bearing loans and borrowings.

d. Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets.

The company applies the short-term lease recognition for leases that have a lease term 12
months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option.

1.3.10 Financial instruments Financial Assets

a. Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value, in case financial assets are not recognized
at fair value through profit and loss are recorded at transaction cost that is incurred for acquisition
of a financial assets.

b. Subsequent measurement

For the purpose of subsequent measurement financial assets are categorized under three
categories: -

• Financial assets amortized at cost.

• Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL).

• Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).

c. Financial assets amortized at cost

Financial assets are amortized at cost if both the following conditions are met:

• The assets are held in the business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting
contractual cash flows.

• Contractual terms of the assets give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely
payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

• Amortized cost are amounts at which the financial assets are measured using initial
recognition minus the repayment plus the interest using effective interest rate method, the
EIR recognized in the financial income under profit and loss statements. The losses arising
out of impairment are recognized in Statement of Profit and loss.

d. Debt instrument at FVTOCI

A debt instrument is measured at FVTOCI if both of the following conditions are met:

• The objective of the business model is achieved by collecting contractual cash flows and
selling the financial assets, and the contractual cash flows represent slowly payment of
principal and interest.

• Debt instrument included at FVTOCI category are initially as well as each reporting date at
fair value. Fair value movements are recognized under other comprehensive income.

However, the Company recognizes interest income, impairment losses and reversals and
foreign exchange gain and losses under profit and loss accounts. On de-recognition of the
assets, cumulative gain and loss previously recognized in the OCI shall be reclassified to the
Statement of Profit and Loss.

e. Equity instruments.

Investments in equity instruments of Joint venture associates and subsidiary are accounted at
cost in the separate financial statement as per IND AS 27 investment in other equity instruments
are carried at fair value.

f. Debt Instruments and derivatives at FVTPL.

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any instrument fails to be categorized under
FVTOCI are categorized under FVTPL.

Debt instruments included under the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all the
changes recognized under profit and loss statements, interest element under such instruments
are presented under interest income.

g. De-recognition of financial assets

A financial instrument (where a part of financial assets or part of group of similar assets) is
primarily derecognized when

• The right to receive cash flows are expired, or

• The company transferred the right to receive cash flows without delay, or the company has
completely transferred the risk and reward of the assets.

h. Impairment of financial assets

• The Company has applied expected credit loss (ECL) for the measurement and recognition
of the impairment loss of the following financial assets and credit exposure. The Company
measures expected credit losses on a case to case basis.

• Financial assets are trade receivable, debt instruments, loans and cash deposits are
measured at amortized cost.

i. Financial Liabilities

All Financial liabilities are accounted at Fair value upon initial recognition. The Company’s
financial liabilities include trade payable, other liabilities and borrowings.

j. Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends upon their classification:

1. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities are recognized at fair value through profit and loss includes financial
liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at
fair value through profit and loss.

2. Financial liabilities at amortized cost

Financial liabilities that are not held for trading or designated at initial recognition at fair
value through profit and loss are measured at amortized cost at the end of the subsequent
accounting period. The carrying amount of financial liabilities that are designated at
amortized cost are determined based on effective interest rate method (EIR). Gain and
losses are recognized in profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognized and through
the EIR amortization process. Amortization cost is calculated by taking into account any
discount or premium on acquisition fees and cost that are integral part of EIR. The EIR
amortization is included as finance cost in statement of profit and loss.

3. De-recognition of financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognized when the financial obligation is discharged or cancelled
or expires, when the financial liability is replaced by the same lender on subsequently in
different terms and the terms of the subsequent liabilities are modified, such an exchange
or modification is treated as the original liability and recognition of the new liability. The
difference in the respective carrying amount is recognized in statement of profit and loss
statements.

k. Impairment of non-financial assets

At each reporting date the Company makes an assessment, whether there is an indication of
impairment either internal or external exist, by which the actual carrying amount of the assets is
higher than the recoverable amount of an assets or cash generating units. Recoverable amount
is determined for individual assets, unless the assets don’t generate cash flow that is largely
independent of those from other assets or group of assets.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value
using a pre-tax discount rate that reflect current market assessment of the time value money and
the risk specific to the assets

1.3.11 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets,
which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use
are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their
intended use or sale. Interest income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings
pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for
capitalization. All other borrowing costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the
period in which they are incurred.

1.3.12 Foreign Currency Transactions

The Company’s financial statements are presented in Indian rupee (Functional Currency)

Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the
transaction.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are translated at rates of exchange on
the balance sheet date.

Non-Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies (such as investments, fixed assets) are valued
at the exchange rate on the date of acquisition of the assets or incurrence of the liabilities.

Exchange differences arising on foreign currency transactions are recognised in the profit and loss
account.

1.3.13 Taxes on income

a. Current Income Tax

Provision under current tax is made as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.

Current income tax assets or liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered or
paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rate and tax laws used to compute the amount are those
that are enacted or subsequently enacted at future date.

b. Deferred Tax

Deferred tax is recognized under balance sheet method for all taxable temporary differences
between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and carrying amounts.

Deferred tax asset is recognized for all taxable temporary differences like Provision for employee
benefits, unused tax losses and any unused tax credits.

The tax rate and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or subsequently
enacted at future date.

1.3.14 Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share amounts are computed by dividing net profit or loss for the year before
comprehensive income attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of
shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are computed and disclosed using
the weighted average number of equity and dilutive equity equivalent shares outstanding during the
year.

1.3.15 Employee Benefits

a. Short-term Employee Benefits

Short-term Employee Benefits for Services rendered by employees are recognized as expenses
during the period when the services are rendered.

b. Post-Employment Benefits
Defined Contribution Plan

The Company makes Provident fund contributions for qualifying employees. Under the Provident
Fund scheme, the Company is required to contribute a specified percentage of payroll cost to
the Employees Provident Fund Scheme,1952 to fund the benefits and interest as declared by
the Government from time to time accrues to the credit of the employees under the scheme.

Defined Benefit Plan

The Company makes annual contributions to the Employees' Group Gratuity-cum-Life Assurance
Scheme of an Insurer, a funded defined benefit plan for qualifying employees. The scheme
provides for lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment
or on termination of employment. Liability for un availed leave for qualifying employees is
actuarially valued and provided for.

c. Termination Benefits

Payment made under Voluntary retirement scheme is charged to statement of profit and loss on
incurrence.

d. Re-measurement of post-employment defined benefit plans

Re-measurement comprises of actuarial gain and losses, the effect of changes in assets ceiling
(excluding amount included in the net interest on net defined benefit liability) and the return on
plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest in net defined liability), are recognized
immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to the Other Comprehensive
Income (OCI) in the period in which they occur, re measurement are not reclassified to profit and
loss accounts subsequently.

1.3.16 Fair value measurement

The company measures financial instruments at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value is
the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the
presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would
use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that the market participants act in their economic best
interest.