NotelB Significant Accounting Policies
This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these financial statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
(A) Basis Of Preparation Of Financial Statement
i) Compliance with Ind AS
The financial statements Complies in all material aspects with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the "Act") and other relevant provisions of the Act and other accounting principles generally accepted in India.
The financial statements were authorized for issue by the Company's Board of Directors on 25th June, 2021.
These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is also the functional currency. All the amounts have been rounded off to the nearest lacs, unless otherwise indicated.
ii) Historical cost convention
These financial statements have been prepared on historical cost basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value or amortised cost at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company’s normal operating cycle.
iii) Current and Non Current Classification.
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of products and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current - non-current classification of assets and liabilities.
(B) Use of estimates and judgements
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the application of accounting policies that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Continuous evaluation is done on the estimation and judgments based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively.
(C) Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
(I) Financial Assets (I) Classification
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
(a) those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss); and
(b) those measured at amortised cost.
The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.
(a) For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income.
(b) For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held.
(c) For investments in equity instruments, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.
The Company reclassifies debt investments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.
(ii) Measurement
At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.
(a) Debt instruments
Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Company classifies its debt instruments:
Amortised cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortised cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.
Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI): Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). Movements in the carrying amount are taken through OCI, except for the recognition of impairment gains or losses, interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognised in profit and loss. When the financial asset is derecognised, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from equity to profit or loss and recognised in other income or other expenses (as applicable). Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.
Fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL): Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss and presented net in
the statement of profit and loss within other income or other expenses (as applicable) in the period in which it arises. Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income or other expenses, as applicable.
(b) Equity Instruments
The Company subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value (except investment in subsidiaries which are at amortised cost). Where the Company’s management has selected to present fair value gains and losses on equity investments in other comprehensive income and there is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss. Dividends from such investments are recognised in profit or loss as other income when the Company’s right to receive payments is established.
Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognised in other income or other expenses, as applicable in the statement of profit and loss. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) on equity investments measured at FVOCI are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.
(iii) Impairment of financial assets
The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI debt instruments. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.
For trade receivables only, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime credit losses (ECL) to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables. The Company uses historical default rates to determine impairment loss on the portfolio of trade receivables. At every reporting date these historical default rates are reviewed and changes in the forward looking estimates are analysed.
For other assets, the Company uses 12 month ECL to provide for impairment loss where there is no significant increase in credit risk. If there is significant increase in credit risk full lifetime ECL is used.
(iv) Derecognition of financial assets
A financial asset is derecognised only when -
(a) The Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or
(b) retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.
Where the entity has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.
Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the Company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.
(II) Financial Liabilities (I) Measurement
Financial liabilities are initially recognised at fair value, reduced by transaction costs (in case of financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss), that are directly attributable to the issue of financial liability. After initial
recognition, financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash outflow (including all fees paid, transaction cost, and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition. At the time of initial recognition, there is no financial liability irrevocably designated as measured at fair value through profit or loss.
(ii) Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the statement of profit or loss.
(D) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes outstanding bank overdraft shown within current liabilities in statement of financial balance sheet and which are considered as integral part of company’s cash management policy.
(E) Cash Flow statement
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby net profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.
(F) Income tax policy Current Tax
Provision for current tax is made after taking into consideration benefits admissible under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Deferred Tax
Deferred tax resulting from " timing difference " between book and taxable profit is accounted for using the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted as on the Balance Sheet date. The deferred tax assets is recognised and carried forward only to the extent that there is a reasonable certainty that the asset will be realised in future.
(G) Revenue Recognition:
(i) Revenue from sale of products and services are recognised at a time on which the performance obligation is satisfied.
(ii) Interest income is recorded on a time proportion basis taking into account the amounts invested and the rate of interest.
(H) Borrowing Cost:
Borrowing costs, which are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying assets are capitalised as a part of the cost of the assets. Other borrowing costs are recognised as expenses in the year in which they are incurred.
(I) Earnings per share
(i) Basic earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing:
- the profit attributable to owners of the Company; and
- by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year, adjusted for bonus elements in equity shares issued during the year.
ii) Diluted earnings per share
Diluted earnings per share adjust the figures used in the determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:
- the after income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential equity shares; and
- the weighted average number of additional equity shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.
(J) Impairment of Assets:
Intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets that suffered impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.
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