2 MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements
The financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2025 have been prepared by the Company in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind AS”)
notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended from time to
time, in this regard.
For periods up to and including the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company presented its financial statements on accural basis under historical cost convention,
and conform in all material aspects to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in India (‘Indian GAAP’ or ‘previous GAAP’) which encompasses
applicable accounting standards, relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, the applicable guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for Non¬
Banking Financial Companies, other statutory provisions and regulatory framework.
The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to the periods presented in these financial statements.
The financial statements were authorised for issue by the Company’s Board of Directors on May 15, 2025.
3 Functional and Presentation currency
These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (Rs), which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency. All amounts have been
denominated in crores and rounded off to the nearest two decimal, except when otherwise indicated.
4 Basis of measurement
The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following material items:
• Financial assets at FVTOCI that is measured at fair value
• Financial instruments at FVTPL that is measured at fair value
• Net defined benefit (asset)/ liability - fair value of plan assets less present value of defined benefit obligation
5 Use of judgements and estimates
In preparing these financial statements, management has made judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and
the reported amounts of assets and liabilities (including contingent liabilities and assets) as on the date of the financial statements and the reported income
and expenses for the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable.
Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are
recognised prospectively.
6 Material Accounting Policies
The Company consistently applies the following accounting policies to all periods presented in these financial statements.
a) Revenue recognition
i. Interest income from financial assets is recognised on an accrual basis using EffectiveInterest Rate (‘EIR’) method. The EIR is the rate that exactly
discounts the estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate to the net
carrying amount of the financial asset. The EIR is computed basis the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial
instrument. The calculation includes all fees, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts paid or received between parties to the contract that
are an integral part of the effective interest rate.
The interest revenue continues to be recognised at the original EIR applied on the gross carrying amount for financial assets (when the asset is not credit
impaired).
For financial assets that were credit impaired on initial recognition, interest income is calculated by applying the credit-adjusted effective interest rate
to the amortised cost of the financial asset. The increase in gross carrying amount of Stage 3 assets shall be written off to the extent of Stage 3 interest
income where there is no reasonable expectation of recovery.
ii. Penal interest and other overdue charges which are not included in effective interest rate is recognised on realisation, due to uncertainty of realisation
and is accounted for accordingly.
iii. Amount received from borrowers against loans and advances are appropriated due date-wise towards other debits, interest overdue and principal
overdue, in that order, across the due dates, except in the case of one time or negotiated settlements, where the appropriation is done as per the terms
of the settlement.
iv. Premium on pre-payment of loans/ reduction in interest rates is recognised as income on receipt basis.
v. Dividends declared by the respective Companies till the close of the accounting period are accounted for as income when the right to receive the
dividend is established.
vi. LC Commission is recognised over time as the services are rendered as per the terms of the contract.
vii. The dividend unclaimed on account of shares sold and outstanding in the books are recognised as income after the end of three years, the limitation
period.
b) Financial instruments
(i) Initial recognition and measurement
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of
financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from
the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. However, trade receivables that do not contain a significant
financing component are measured at transaction price.
(ii) Classifications and subsequent measurement
Financial assets
On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as subsequently measured at either amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income
(‘FVTOCI’) or FVTPL, depending on the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets and the Company’s business model for managing the
financial assets.
Business Model Assessment
The Company makes an objective assessment of the business model in which an asset is held at a portfolio level, because this best reflects the way the
business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:
• The stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. In particular, whether management’s strategy focuses
on earning contractual interest revenue, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of the
liabilities that are funding those assets or realising cash flows through the sale of the assets;
• The frequency, volume and timing of sales in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and its expectations about future sales activity. However,
information about sales activity is not considered in isolation, but as part of an overall assessment of how the Company’s stated objective for managing
the financial assets is achieved and how cash flows are realized;
The risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing
financial assets.
Financial assets at Amortised Cost
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost only if both of the following conditions are met:
• It is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows.
• The contractual terms of the financial asset represent contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest.
Subsequently, these are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method less any impairment losses.
Financial assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (‘FVTOCI’)
A financial asset is measured at FVTOCI only if both of the following conditions are met:
• It is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets.
• The contractual terms of the financial asset represent contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest.
Subsequently, these are measured at fair value and changes therein, are recognised in other comprehensive income. Impairment losses on said financial
assets are recognised in other comprehensive income and do not reduce the carrying amount of the financial asset in the balance sheet
Financial assets at Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL)
Any financial instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorisation as at amortised cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
Subsequently, these are measured at fair value and changes therein, are recognised in profit and loss account.
Investment in equity instruments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 (i.e. other than equity investments in subsidiaries / associates / joint ventures) are measured at FVTPL.
Subsequently, these are measured at fair value and changes therein, are recognised in profit and loss account. However on initial recognition of an equity
instrument that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. This election is made on an
investment by investment basis.
Derivative instruments
All derivative instruments are measured as FVTPL.
Financial liabilities and equity instruments
Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the
contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss or amortised cost, as appropriate and is
accordingly accounted for.
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued
by the Company is recognised at the proceeds received, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
(iii) Measurement Basis
Amortised cost
Amortised cost is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or
minus the cumulative amortisation using the EIR method of discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR and,
for financial assets, adjusted for any loss allowance.
Fair Valuation
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the
measurement date in the principal or, in its absence, the most advantageous market to which the Company has access at that date. The fair value of a liability
reflects it non-performance risk.
When one is available, the Company measures the fair value of an instrument using the quoted price in an active market for that instrument. A market is
regarded as active if transactions for the asset or liability take place with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing
basis.
If there is no quoted price in an active market, then the Company uses valuation techniques that maximise the use of relevant observable inputs and
minimise the use of unobservable inputs. The valuation technique incorporates all of the factors that market participants would take into account in pricing
a transaction.
(iv) De-recognition/Modification of financial assets and financial liabilities
Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities
Financial assets
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily de-recognised (i.e. removed from
the Company’s balance sheet) when:
• The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or fully recovered or
• The Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without
material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement; and either (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of
the asset, or ( b ) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the
asset.
When the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what
extent it has retained the risks and rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset,
nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognize the transferred asset to the extent of the Company’s continuing involvement.
The Company also recognise a liability for the consideration received attributable to the Company’s continuing involvement on the asset transferred. The
transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.
On de-recognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the asset (or the carrying amount allocated to the portion of the asset
derecognised) and the sum of (i) the consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) and (ii) any cumulative gain
or loss that had been recognised in OCI is recognised in profit or loss.
Financial liabilities
The Company de-recognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expired.
(v) Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet when the Company has a legally enforceable right to
offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
(vi) Impairment of Financial Assets
The Company recognises impairment allowances for ECL on all the financial assets that are not measured at FVTPL:
- financial assets that are debt instruments
- lease receivables
- financial guarantee contracts issued
- loan commitment issued
No impairment loss is recognised on equity investments
ECL are probability weighted estimate of credit losses. They are measured as follows:
- financial assets that are not credit impaired - as the present value of all cash shortfalls that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.
- financial assets with significant increase in credit risk but not credit impaired - as the present value of all cash shortfalls that result from all possible
default events over the expected life of the financial asset.
- financial assets that are credit impaired - as the difference between the gross carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows
- undrawn loan commitments - as the present value of the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Company if the commitment
is drawn down and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive
With respect to trade receivables and other financial assets, the Company measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.
Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortised cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets. For financial assets at FVTOCI,
the loss allowance is recognised in OCI.
Write-off
Financial assets are written off (either partially or in full) when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion
thereof. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient
cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. This assessment is carried out at the individual asset level and is charged to statement of profit or
loss.
However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities under the Company’s recovery procedures, taking into account
legal advice where appropriate. Any recoveries made are recognised in profit or loss as an adjustment to impairment on financial assets.
c) Investment in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
The Company accounts for its investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures at cost less accumulated impairment, if any.
d) Leases
Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases
are classified as operating leases.
I. The Company as lessor
Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recognised as receivables at the amount of the Company's net investment in the leases. Finance lease
income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the Company's net investment outstanding in respect of the
leases.
Rental income from operating leases is generally recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Where the rentals are structured
solely to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the Company’s expected inflationary cost increases, such increases are recognised
in the year in which such benefits accrue.
II. The Company as lessee
Rental expense from operating leases is generally recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Where the rentals are structured
solely to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increases, such increases are recognised
in the year in which such cost incurred. Contingent rentals arising under operating leases are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are
incurred.
e) Employee benefits
i. Short term employee benefits
Short term employee benefits are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid if the Company
has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated
reliably.
ii. Post employement benefits
a. Defined contribution plans
Pension
Prior to 1 April 2008, the employees were governed by the provisions of the pension scheme in operation at the time of their retirement and are
accordingly entitled to DA relief and family pension as and when due. The contribution made on account of same is charged to revenue as and when
due. The Company switched to defined contribution scheme in August 2008 for employees existing on 1 April 2008 and opting for the same. The
administration of Pension Fund in respect of the employees has been entrusted by Trustees to Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) by entering
into a Group Superannuation Cash Accumulation Scheme.
b. Defined benefit plans
Provident Fund
The Company pays fixed contribution to Provident Fund at predetermined rates and invests the funds in permitted securities. The contributions to the
fund for the year are recognized as expense and are charged to the profit or loss. The obligation of the Company is to make such fixed contributions and
to ensure a minimum rate of return to the members as specified by the Government of India (Gol).
Gratuity
The Company has a defined benefit employee scheme in the form of Gratuity. The Trustees of the scheme have entrusted the administration of related
fund to LIC. Expense for the year is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation of the Company’s year-end obligation in this regard and the value of
year end assets of the scheme. Contribution is deposited with LIC based on intimation received by the Company.
Medical facility
The Company has a post-retirement medical benefit scheme for employees and their dependants subject to certain limits for hospitalization and normal
medical treatment.
The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that
employees have earned in return for their service in the current costs and the fair value of any plan assets, if any is deducted.
The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plan is determined based on actuarial valuation using the Projected Accrued Benefit
Method ( same as Projected Unit Credit Method), which recognises each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit
entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.
iii. Other long term employee benefits
Benefits under the Company’s leave encashmenand and leave fare concession constitute other long term employee benefits. The Company’s net obligation
in respect of leave encashment is the amount of future benefit that employees have present value, and the fair value of any related assets is deducted. The
calculation is performed using the projected unit credit method. Any actuarial gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they
arise. Provison for Leave fare concession is being made on actuarial valuation basis.
f) Income Taxes
I. Current tax
Current tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid in respect of taxable income for the year in accordance with the Income Tax Act, 1961. Current
tax comprises the tax payable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable in respect of previous years. It is measured
using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Minimum alternative tax (‘MAT’) under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961
is recognised as current tax in the statement of profit and loss.
Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if, the Company:
a) has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and
b) intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
II. Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and
the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and based on management’s judgement, are reduced to the
extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised; such reductions are reversed when the probability of future taxable profits
improves.
Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits
will be available against which they can be used. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when
they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to
recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if the Company:
a) has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and
b) the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority.
The credit available under the Act in respect of MAT paid is recognised as an asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the
Company will pay normal income tax during the period for which the MAT credit can be carried forward for set-off against the normal tax liability. MAT
credit recognised as an asset is reviewed at each balance sheet date and written down to the extent the aforesaid convincing evidence no longer exists.
g) Property, plant and equipment and Investment property
Recognition and measurement
Property, plant and equipment held for use or for administrative purposes, are stated in the balance sheet at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated
impairment losses. The cost includes non-refundable taxes, duties, freight and other incidental expenses related to the acquisition and installation of the
respective assets. Assets having individual value of less than Rs. 5,000/- are charged to statement of Profit and Loss in the year of purchase.
Investment Property consists of building let out to earn rentals. The Company follows cost model for measurement of investment property.
Depreciation
Depreciation is provided using the straight line method over the useful life as prescribed under Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Depreciation is calculated
on pro-rata basis, including the month of addition and excluding the month of sale/disposal. Leasehold improvements are amortised over the underlying lease
term on a straight line basis. Residual value in respect of Buildings and Vehicles is considered as 5% of the cost and in case of other assets ‘Nil’.
The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate
accounted for on a prospective basis.
De-recognition
An item of property, plant and equipment or investment property is de-recognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise
from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment or investment property
is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in profit or loss.
h) Intangible assets
Recognition and measurement
Intangible assets are recognized at cost of acquisition which includes all expenditure that can be directly attributed or allocated on a reasonable and consistent
basis, to create, produce or making the asset ready for its intended use.
Amortisation
Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end
of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. The intangible assets shown in the Balance Sheet
include computer software having perpetual license and are amortized on Straight Line Method over the period of six years from the date of capitalization.
De-recognition
An intangible asset is de-recognized on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from de¬
recognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, is recognised in profit or
loss when the asset is de-recognized.
i) Impairment of non-financial assets
At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amount of its non financial assets (other than assets held for sale and deferred tax assets) to determine
whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is estimated.
For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that is largely independent
of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs.
The 'recoverable amount' of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. 'Value in use' is based on the estimated future cash
flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific
to the asset or CGU.
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Impairment losses are recognised in profit and loss. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset's carrying amount does not exceed the
carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss had been recognised.
j) Foreign currency transactions
The expenses and income in foreign exchange transactions are accounted for at the rates prevailing on the date of transactions/ at the forward rate, if booked,
for such transaction.Assets and liabilities held in foreign currencies and accrued income and expenditure in foreign currencies are translated into Indian Rupees
at the rates advised by Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI) prevailing towards the close of the accounting period. Gains/ losses, if any, on
valuation of various assets and liabilities are taken to Statement of Profit & Loss
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