Note 2. Material Accounting Policies
a) Business Combinations:
Business combinations (not involving entities under common control) are accounted for using the acquisition method. At the
acquisition date, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at fair value. For this purpose, the liabilities
assumed include contingent liabilities representing present obligation and they are measured at their acquisition date fair
values irrespective of the fact that outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is not probable. The consideration
transferred is measured at fair value at acquisition date and includes the fair value of any contingent consideration. However,
deferred tax asset or liability and any liability or asset relating to employee benefit arrangements arising from a business
combination are measured and recognized in accordance with the requirements of Ind AS 12, Income Taxes and Ind AS 19,
Employee Benefits, respectively.
Where the consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the
excess is recorded as goodwill. Alternatively, in case of a bargain purchase wherein the consideration transferred is lower than
the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the difference is accumulated in equity as capital
reserve. The costs of acquisition excluding those relating to issue of equity or debt securities are charged to the Statement of
Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.
Business combinations involving entities under common control are accounted for using the pooling of interests method. The
net assets of the transferor entity or business are accounted at their carrying amounts on the date of the acquisition subject
to necessary adjustments required to harmonise accounting policies. Any excess or shortfall of the consideration paid over the
share capital of transferor entity or business is recognised as capital reserve under other equity.
b) Goodwill:
Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination
that are not individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the
consideration transferred over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, measured in accordance with Ind
AS 103 - Business Combinations.
Goodwill is considered to have indefinite useful life and hence is not subject to amortization but tested for impairment at least
annually. After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses."
For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination, is from the acquisition date, allocated to
each of the Company cash generating units (CGUs) that are expected to benefit from the combination. A CGU is the smallest
identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or
group of assets. Each CGU or a combination of CGUs to which goodwill is so allocated represents the lowest level at which
goodwill is monitored for internal management purpose and it is not larger than an operating segment of the Company.
A CGU to which goodwill is allocated is tested for impairment annually, and whenever there is an indication that the CGU
may be impaired, by comparing the carrying amount of the CGU, including the goodwill, with the recoverable amount of the
CGU. If the recoverable amount of the CGU exceeds the carrying amount of the CGU, the CGU and the goodwill allocated to
that CGU is regarded as not impaired. If the carrying amount of the CGU exceeds the recoverable amount of the CGU, the
Company recognizes an impairment loss by first reducing the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU and
then to other assets of the CGU pro-rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the CGU. Any impairment loss on
goodwill is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. An impairment loss recognized on goodwill is not reversed in
subsequent periods.
On disposal of a CGU to which goodwill is allocated, the goodwill associated with the disposed CGU is included in the carrying
amount of the CGU when determining the gain or loss on disposal.
c) Property, plant and equipment:
Measurement at recognition: An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies as an asset is measured on initial
recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, items of PPE are carried at its cost less accumulated depreciation and
accumulated impairment losses.
The Company identifies and determines cost of each part of an item of PPE separately, if the part has a cost which is significant
to the total cost of that item of PPE and has useful life that is materially different from that of the remaining item.
The cost of an item of PPE comprises of its purchase price including import duties and other non-refundable purchase taxes
or levies, directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use and the initial estimate
of decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities, if any. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the
purchase price. Cost includes cost of replacing a part of a plant and equipment if the recognition criteria are met. Expenses
directly attributable to new manufacturing facility during its construction period are capitalized if the recognition criteria are
met. Expenses related to plans, designs and drawings of buildings or plant and machinery is capitalized under relevant heads
of property, plant and equipment if the recognition criteria are met.
Items such as spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment that meet the definition of property, plant and
equipment are capitalized at cost and depreciated over their useful life. Subsequent expenditure relating to property, plant
and equipment is capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefit associates with these will flow into the
Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
Items of Property, plant and equipment that have been retired from active use and held for disposal are stated at the lower of
their net book value or net realisable value and are shown separately in the financial statements.
Gains or losses arising from disposal or retirement of tangible Property, plant and equipment are measured as the difference
between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised net, within “Other Income” or
“Other Expenses”, as the case maybe, in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year of disposal or retirement.
When the use of a property changes from owner-occupied to investment property, the property is reclassified as investment
property as its carrying amount on the date of reclassification.
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its PPE recognized as at April
1, 2017 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the PPE.
Depreciation:
Depreciation on each item of property, plant and equipment is provided using the Straight-Line Method based on the useful
lives of the assets as estimated by the management and is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss. The estimate of
the useful life of the assets has been assessed based on technical advice which considers the nature of the asset, the usage
of the asset, expected physical wear and tear, the operating conditions of the asset, anticipated technological changes,
manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc. Significant components of assets identified separately pursuant to
the requirements under Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 are depreciated separately over their useful life.
Freehold land is not depreciated. Leasehold land and Leasehold improvements are amortized over the period of lease.
The useful lives, residual values of each part of an item of property, plant and equipment and the depreciation methods
are reviewed at the end of each financial year. If any of these expectations differ from previous estimates, such change is
accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
Derecognition: The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized on disposal or when no
future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the de-recognition of an item of
property, plant and equipment is measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of
the item and is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the item is derecognized.
For above class of assets, based on internal assessment and independent technical evaluation carried out by external valuers
the management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which management expects
to use these assets. Hence the useful lives for these assets are different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of
Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013.
Depreciation / Amortization is charged on pro-rata on monthly basis on assets, from / upto the month of capitalization / sale,
disposal / earmarked for disposal.
Capital work in progress and Capital advances:
Cost of assets not yet ready for intended use, as on the Balance Sheet date, is shown as capital work in progress. Advances
given towards acquisition of fixed assets outstanding at each Balance Sheet date are disclosed as capital advances under
Other Non-Financial Assets.
d) Intangible assets:
Measurement at recognition:
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Intangible assets arising on acquisition
of business are measured at fair value as at date of acquisition. Internally generated intangibles including research cost
are not capitalized and the related expenditure is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which
the expenditure is incurred. Following initial recognition, intangible assets with finite useful life are carried at cost less
accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment loss, if any. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, that are
acquired separately, are carried at cost/fair value at the date of acquisition less accumulated impairment loss, if any.
Expenditure on software development eligible for capitalisation are carried as Intangible assets under development where
such assets are not yet ready for their intended use.
On transition to Ind AS, the Company has elected to continue with the carrying value for all its intangible assets as recognised
as at April 1, 2017 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the Intangible Assets.
Amortization:
Intangible Assets with finite lives are amortized on a Straight Line basis over the estimated useful economic life. The
amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
The amortisation period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with finite useful life is reviewed at the end of
each financial year. If any of these expectations differ from previous estimates, such change is accounted for as a change in an
accounting estimate.
Derecognition:
The carrying amount of an intangible asset is derecognized on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected
from its use or disposal. The gain or loss arising from the de-recognition of an intangible asset is measured as the difference
between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the intangible asset and is recognized in the Statement of
Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognized.
e) Investment Property
Measurement at recognition:
Investment Property are measured on initial recognition at cost including transaction costs. The cost of a purchased investment
property comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure. Directly attributable expenditure includes,
for example, professional fees for legal services, property transfer taxes and other transaction costs. Subsequent to initial
recognition, investment property is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses,
if any.
Depreciation:
Depreciation on each item of Investment property is provided using the Straight-Line Method based on the useful lives of
the assets as estimated by the management and is charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss. The estimate of the useful
life of the assets has been assessed based on technical advice which considers the nature of the asset, the usage of the asset,
expected physical wear and tear, the operating conditions of the asset, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers
warranties and maintenance support,etc. Freehold land is not depreciated.
Derecognition:
An investment property shall be derecognised (eliminated from the balance sheet) on disposal or when the investment
property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. Gains or losses
arising from the retirement or disposal of investment property shall be determined as the difference between the net disposal
proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and shall be recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period of the
retirement or disposal.
The fair values of investment property is disclosed in the notes.
f) Impairment of Non-Financial Assets:
Assets that have an indefinite useful life, for example goodwill, are not subject to amortization and are tested for impairment
annually and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. Assets that are subject to depreciation and
amortization are reviewed for impairment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying amount may
not be recoverable. Such circumstances include, though are not limited to, significant or sustained decline in revenues or
earnings and material adverse changes in the economic environment.
An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount of an asset or its cash generating unit (CGU) exceeds its
recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of its fair value less cost to sell and value in use. To
calculate value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that
reflects current market rates and the risk specific to the asset. For an asset that does not generate largely independent cash
inflows, the recoverable amount is determined for the CGU to which the asset belongs. Fair value less cost to sell is the best
estimate of the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing
parties, less the cost of disposal. Impairment losses, If any, are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss and included
in depreciation and amortization expenses. After impairment (if any), depreciation/ amortisation is provided on the revised
carrying amount of the assets over its remaining life.
Impairment losses are reversed in the Statement of Profit and Loss only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does
not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined if no impairment loss had previously been recognized.
g) Share-based payment arrangements:
Equity-settled share-based payments to employees and others providing similar services are measured at the fair value of the
equity instruments at the grant date.
The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis
over the vesting period, based on the Company’s estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest, with a corresponding
increase in equity.
When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense had the terms had
not been modified, if the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense is recognized for any modification that
increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee as measured
at the date of modification. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the
fair value of the award is expensed immediately through the statement of profit and loss.
The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings
per share.
Securities premium includes:
A. The difference between the face value of the equity shares and the consideration received in respect of shares issued
pursuant to Stock Option Scheme.
B. The fair value of the stock options which are treated as expense, if any, in respect of shares allotted pursuant to Stock
Options Scheme.
h) Financial Instruments:
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity
instrument of another entity.
Financial instruments also covers contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item that can be settled net in cash or another
financial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments, as if the contracts were financial instruments, with the exception
of contracts that were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in
accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements.”
Financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement:
Trade Receivables, Loans and Deposits are initially recognized when they are originated.The Company recognizes a financial
asset in its Balance Sheet when it becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value, plus in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through
profit or loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. However, trade receivables
that do not contain a significant financing component are measured at transaction price.
Where the fair value of a financial asset at initial recognition is different from its transaction price, the difference between
the fair value and the transaction price is recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss at initial recognition
if the fair value is determined through a quoted market price in an active market for an identical asset (i.e. level 1 input) or
through a valuation technique that uses data from observable markets (i.e. level 2 input).
In case the fair value is not determined using a level 1 or level 2 input as mentioned above, the difference between the fair
value and transaction price is deferred appropriately and recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss only
to the extent that such gain or loss arises due to a change in factor that market participants take into account when pricing
the financial asset.
Subsequent measurement:
For subsequent measurement, the Company classifies a financial asset in accordance with the below criteria:
i) The Company business model for managing the financial asset and
ii) The contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset.
Based on the above criteria, the Company classifies its financial assets into the following categories:
i) Financial assets measured at amortized cost
ii) Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
iii) Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
i. Financial assets measured at amortized cost:
A financial asset is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:
a) The Company business model objective for managing the financial asset is to hold financial assets in order to collect
contractual cash flows, and
b) The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal
and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
For the purpose of SPPI test, principal is the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition. That principal amount may
change over the life of the financial asset (e.g. if there are repayments of principal). Interest consists of consideration for the
time value of money, for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time
and for other basic lending risks and costs, as well as a profit margin. The SPPI assessment is made in the currency in which
the financial asset is denominated.
Contractual cash flows that are SPPI are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Contractual terms that introduce
exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that are unrelated to a basic lending arrangement, such as exposure
to changes in equity prices or commodity prices, do not give rise to contractual cash flows that are SPPI.
An assessment of business models for managing financial assets is fundamental to the classification of a financial asset. The
Company determines the business models at a level that reflects how financial assets are managed together to achieve a
particular business objective. The Company business model does not depend on management’s intentions for an individual
instrument, therefore the business model assessment is performed at a higher level of aggregation rather than on an
instrument-by-instrument basis.
This category generally applies to cash and bank balances, trade receivables, loans and other financial assets of the Company.
Such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
Under the effective interest method, the future cash receipts are exactly discounted to the initial recognition value using the
effective interest rate. The cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of the difference between the initial
recognition amount and the maturity amount is added to the initial recognition value (net of principal repayments, if any) of
the financial asset over the relevant period of the financial asset to arrive at the amortized cost at each reporting date. The
corresponding effect of the amortization under effective interest method is recognized as interest income over the relevant
period of the financial asset.
The amortized cost of a financial asset is also adjusted for loss allowance, if any.
ii. Financial assets measured at FVTOCI:
Financial instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
Debt instruments that meet the following criteria are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (except for
debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):
Ý The asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and
selling financial assets; and
Ý The contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal
and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
Interest income is recognised in profit or loss for FVTOCI debt instruments. Other changes in fair value of FVTOCI financial
assets are recognised in other comprehensive income. When the investment is disposed of, the cumulative gain or loss
previously accumulated in reserve is transferred to profit or loss.
iii. Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI:
On initial recognition, the Company can make an irrevocable election (on an instrument-by-instrument basis) to present
the subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income pertaining to investments in equity instruments. This
election is not permitted if the equity investment is held for trading. These elected investments are initially measured at fair
value plus transaction costs. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value with gains and losses arising from changes in
fair value recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the ‘Reserve for equity instruments through other
comprehensive income’. The cumulative gain or loss is not reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of the investments. Dividend
from these investments are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the Company right to receive dividends is
established. As at the reporting dates, there are no equity instruments measured at FVOCI.
iv. Investments in equity instruments of subsidiaries
Investments in equity insturments of subsidiaries are carried at cost.
v. Financial assets measured at FVTPL:
A financial asset is measured at FVTPL unless it is measured at amortized cost or at FVTOCI as explained above. This is
a residual category applied to all other investments of the Company excluding investments in subsidiaries and associate.
Such financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value at each reporting date. Fair value changes are recognized in
the Statement of Profit and Loss. Further, the Company, through an irrevocable election at initial recognition, has measured
certain investments in equity instruments at FVTPL. The Company has made such election on an instrument by instrument
basis. These equity instruments are neither held for trading nor are contingent consideration recognized under a business
combination. Pursuant to such irrevocable election, subsequent changes in the fair value of such equity instruments are
recognized in Statement of Profit & Loss. The Company recognizes dividend income from such instruments in the Statement
of Profit and Loss.
Reclassifications:
If the business model under which the Company holds financial assets changes, the financial assets affected are reclassified.
The classification and measurement requirements related to the new category apply prospectively from the first day of the
first reporting period following the change in business model that results in reclassifying the Company’s financial assets.
During the current financial year and previous accounting period there was no change in the business model under which
the Company holds financial assets and therefore no reclassifications were made. Changes in contractual cash flows are
considered under the accounting policy on modification and derecognition of financial assets described below.
Derecognition:
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a similar financial assets) is derecognized (i.e.
removed from the Balance Sheet) when any of the following occurs:
i. The contractual rights to cash flows from the financial asset expires;
ii. The Company transfers its contractual rights to receive cash flows of the financial asset and has substantially transferred
all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset;
iii. The Company retains the contractual rights to receive cash flows but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash
flows without material delay to one or more recipients under a ‘pass-through’ arrangement (thereby substantially
transferring all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset);
iv. The Company neither transfers nor retains, substantially all risk and rewards of ownership, and does not retain control
over the financial asset.
In cases where Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the financial asset,
but retains control of the financial asset, the Company continues to recognize such financial asset to the extent of its continuing
involvement in the financial asset. In that case, the Company also recognizes an associated liability. The financial asset and the
associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.
On Derecognition of a financial asset ,the difference between the carrying amount and the consideration received is recognized
in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Impairment of financial assets:
The Company applies Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of loss allowance on the following:
i. Trade receivables and lease receivables
ii. Financial assets measured at amortized cost (other than trade receivables and lease receivables)
iii. Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
In case of trade receivables and lease receivables, the Company follows a simplified approach wherein an amount equal to
lifetime ECL is measured and recognised as loss allowance.
In case of other assets (listed at i and ii above), the Company determines if there has been a significant increase in credit risk
of the financial asset since initial recognition. If the credit risk of such assets has not increased significantly, an amount equal
to 12-month ECL is measured and recognized as loss allowance. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, an amount
equal to lifetime ECL is measured and recognised as loss allowance.
Subsequently, if the credit quality of the financial asset improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit
risk since initial recognition, the Company reverts to recognizing impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and
all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original effective interest rate.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial asset.
12-month ECL area portion of the lifetime ECL which result from default events that are possible within 12 months from the
reporting date.
ECL is measured in a manner that it reflect unbiased and probability weighted amounts determined by a range of outcomes,
taking into account the time value of money and other reasonable information available as a result of past events, current
conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.
As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to measure lifetime ECL on its portfolio of trade receivables.
The provision matrix is prepared based on historically observed default rates over the expected life of trade receivables and
is adjusted for forward-looking estimates. At each reporting date, the historically observed default rates and changes in the
forward-looking estimates are updated.
The Company reviews its carrying value of investment carried at cost (net of impairment ,if any) annually or more frequently
when there is indication for impairment.if the recoverable amount is less then its carring value then impairement loss is
accounted for in the statement of profit & loss.
Financial Liabilities and equity:
Initial recognition and measurement:
The Company recognizes a financial liability in its Balance Sheet when it becomes party to the contractual provisions of the
instrument. All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value minus, in the case of financial liabilities not recorded
at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial liability.
Where the fair value of a financial liability at initial recognition is different from its transaction price, the difference between
the fair value and the transaction price is recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss at initial recognition
if the fair value is determined through a quoted market price in an active market for an identical asset (i.e. level 1 input) or
through a valuation technique that uses data from observable markets (i.e. level 2 input).
In case the fair value is not determined using a level 1 or level 2 input as mentioned above, the difference between the fair
value and transaction price is deferred appropriately and recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss only
to the extent that such gain or loss arises due to a change in factor that market participants take into account when pricing
the financial liability.
Subsequent measurement:
Financial liabilities that are not held-for-trading and are not designated as at FVTPL are measured at amortised cost. The
carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the
effective interest method.
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest
expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments
(including all fees paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other
premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the
amortised cost of a financial liability.
Equity instruments:
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its
liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognised at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.
Derecognition:
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When
an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms
of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the Derecognition of the
original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability
derecognized and the consideration paid is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
i) Fair Value:
The Company measures financial instruments at fair value in accordance with the accounting policies mentioned above. Fair
value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell
the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantages market for the asset or liability.
The fair value of an asset or liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the
asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available
to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the
fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels, described as follows, the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure
value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
(Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs).
Level 1 — quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly
or indirectly.
Level 3 —inputs for assets or liabilities that are not based on observable market data.
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company
determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization at the end of each
reporting period and discloses the same.
j) Foreign Currency Translation:
These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is the Company’s functional currency.
i. Functional and presentation currencies:
Items included in the Standalone financial statements are measured using the currency of the primary economic
environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency’). The financial statements are presented in INR
which is the functional and presentation currency for Company.
ii. Transactions & Balances:
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates on the date of transaction.
Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from settlement of such transactions and from translation of monetary
assets and liabilities at the year-end exchange rates are generally recognized in the Statement Profit and Loss. They are
deferred in equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges.
All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of profit and loss on a net basis.
Non-monetary foreign currency items are carried at cost and accordingly the investments in shares of foreign subsidiaries
are expressed in Indian currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the time when the original investments are made
or fair values determined.
iii) Foreign operations:
The results and financial position of foreign operations that have a functional currency different from the presentation
currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:
Ý assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate as on that balance sheet date, and
Ý income and expenses are translated at average exchange rates
On disposal of a foreign operation, the associated exchange differences are reclassified to Statement of Profit and Loss
as part of the gain or loss on disposal.
k) Income Taxes:
Tax expense is the aggregate amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in respect of current tax
and deferred tax.
Current tax:
i) Provision for current tax is made as per the provisions of income tax act,1961
ii) The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the
reporting date in the countries where the company operates and generates taxable income.
iii) Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the
taxation authorities.
iv) Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other
comprehensive income or in equity).
v) Where there is uncertainty over income tax treatments, the Company determines the probability of the income tax
authorities accepting each such tax treatment or group of tax treatments in computing the most likely amount or the
expected value of the tax treatment when determining taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax
credits and tax rates.
Deferred tax:
Deferred tax is provided using the balancesheet method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets & liabilities
& their carring amounts for financials reporting purposes as at the reporting date. Deferred tax is recognized on temporary
differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases
used in the computation of taxable profit under Income tax Act, 1961.
Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. However, in case of temporary
differences that arise from initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction(other than business combination) that
affect neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized. Also, for temporary
differences if any that may arise from initial recognition of goodwill, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized.
Deferred tax assets are generally recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent it is probable that taxable
profits will be available against which those deductible temporary difference can be utilized. In case of temporary differences
that arise from initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction (other than business combination) that affect neither
the taxable profit nor the accounting profit, deferred tax assets are not recognized.
The tax effects of income tax losses, available for carry forward, are recognised as deferred tax asset, when it is probable that
future taxable profits will be available against which these losses can be set-off.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it
is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow the benefits of part or all of such deferred tax
assets to be utilized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance
Sheet date and are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be
recovered or settled.Additional taxes that arise from the distribution of dividends by the Company are recognised directly in
equity at the same time as the liability to pay the related dividend is recognised
Presentation of current and deferred tax:
Current and deferred tax are recognized as income or an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss, except when they relate
to items that are recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, in which case, the current and deferred tax income/expense are
recognized in Other Comprehensive Income.
The Company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to set off the
recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability
simultaneously. In case of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, the same are offset if the Company has a legally
enforceable right to set off corresponding current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and
deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the Company.
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