1. GENERAL INFORMATION

JBM Auto Ltd. ("the Company") is a public limited company incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 having its registered office at Plot no. 133, Sector 24, Faridabad-121005 (Haryana). The Company is engaged in the automotive business that manufactures and sell sheet metal components, tools, dies & molds and buses including sale of spare parts, accessories & maintenance contract of Buses. The Company is listed on BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange (NSE).

The Financial Statements for the year ended 31^st March, 2025 were approved by the Board of Directors and authorize for issue on 6^th May, 2025.

2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES2.1 Statement of Compliance

The Financial Statements have been prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and other relevant provisions of the Act.

2.2 Basis of Preparation and Presentation

The Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost convention on accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies mentioned below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange of goods or services.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current according to the Company’s operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Act. Based on the nature of products and the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

The material accounting policies are set out below.

2.3 Use of Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of Financial Statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to

make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amount of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of these Financial Statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses for the years presented. Actual results may differ from the estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and future periods affected.

2.4 Revenue Recognition

Revenue is measured at the transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation. Amounts disclosed as revenue are net of returns, cash discount, trade allowances, sales incentives and value added taxes. The Company recognizes revenue when the amount of revenue and its related cost can be reliably measured and it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and specific criteria have been met for each of the Company’s activities as described below.

A. Sale of Products

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized on transfer of control of promised goods to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

B. Sale of Services

Revenue from services are recognized as related services are performed.

C. Revenue recognizes over time

The Company satisfies a performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time, if one of the following criteria is met:

1. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as the Company performs;

2. The Company’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced; or

3. The Company’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company and an entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.

For performance obligations where one of the above conditions are not met, revenue is recognized at the point in time at which the performance obligation is satisfied.

D. Dividend and interest income

Dividend income from investments is recognized when the shareholders’ right to receive payment has been established (provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably).

Interest income from a financial asset is recognized when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. For all financial instruments measured either at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). Interest income is included in other income in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Interest income in respect of financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss is included in other income.

E. Royalty Income

Revenue from royalty is recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant arrangement.

F. Rent Income

Rent income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2.5 Leases

Effective 1^st April, 2019, the Company has adopted Ind AS 116 "Leases" and applied to all lease contracts existing on the date of initial application, using the modified retrospective method along with transition option to recognize right-of-use assets (RoU) at an amount equal to the lease liabilities.

The Company as lessor

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks

and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recognized as receivables at the amount of the Company’s net investment in the leases. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the Company’s net investment outstanding in respect of the leases. When the Company is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. The sub-lease is classified as a finance or operating lease by reference to the right-of-use assets arising from the head lease.

Rental income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Where the rentals are structured solely to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the Company’s expected inflationary cost increases, such increases are recognized in the period in which such benefits accrue.

The Company did not make any adjustments to the accounting for assets held as a lessor as a result of adopting the new lease standard.

The Company as lessee

The Company’s lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for Land & office building. The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether: (i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset; (ii) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease; and (iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognizes a 'right-of-use’ assets and a corresponding liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short-term leases) and low value leases. For these short-term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

♦ the amount of initial measurement of liability

♦ any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less the incentives received

♦ any initial direct costs, and

♦ restoration costs

They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses.

Right-of-use assets are amortized from the commencement over the shorter of asset’s useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis. Right-of-use assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

Lease liabilities measured at amortized cost include the net present value of the following lease payments:

♦ fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable

♦ variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date

♦ amounts expected to be payable by the Company under residual value guarantees

♦ the exercise price of purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option, and

♦ payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option.

Lease payments to be made under reasonably certain extension options are also included in the measurement of the liability. The lease payments are discounted using the rate of interest implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be readily determined, which is generally the case for leases in the Company, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the individual lessee would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value to the right-of-use assets in the similar economic environment with similar terms, security and conditions.

The Company accounts for each lease component within the contract as a lease separately from nonlease components of the contract in accordance with Ind AS 116 and allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components.

Lease payments are apportioned between finance expenses and reduction of the lease obligation so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance expenses are recognized immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets. Variable lease payments are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the condition that triggers those payments occur.

Lease liabilities

The lease liability is initially measured at amortized cost at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates. Lease liabilities are remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the related right of use asset if the Company changes its assessment if whether it will exercise an extension or a termination option.

Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

2.6 Foreign CurrenciesFunctional and presentation currency

Items included in the Financial Statements are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates ('the functional currency’). The Financial Statements are presented in Indian rupee ('), which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency.

Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rate at the date of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

Non-monetary items which are carried at historical cost denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items is recognized in line with the gain or loss of the item that gave rise to the translation difference (translation differences on items whose gain or loss is recognized in Other Comprehensive Income or the Statement of Profit and Loss is also recognized in Other Comprehensive Income or the Statement of Profit and Loss respectively).

2.7 Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

Where the funds used to finance a qualifying asset form part of general borrowings, the amount capitalized is calculated using a weighted average of rates applicable to relevant general borrowings of the Company during the year.

I nterest income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

All other borrowing costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

Borrowing costs consist of interest, which is computed as per effective interest method, and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.

2.8 Employee Benefits Short-term obligations

Liabilities for wages and salaries including nonmonetary benefits that are expected to be settled within the operating cycle after the end of the period

in which the employees render the related services are recognized in the period in which the related services are rendered and are measured at the undiscounted amount expected to be paid.

Other long-term employee benefit obligations

Liabilities for leave encashment and compensated absences which are not expected to be settled wholly within the operating cycle after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows which is expected to be paid using the projected unit credit method. The benefits are discounted using the market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurements as a result of experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

Post-employment obligations Defined benefit plans

The Company has defined benefit plans namely Gratuity Fund for employees. The Gratuity Fund is recognized by the Income Tax Authorities and is administered through Trust set up by the Company. Any shortfall in the size of the fund maintained by the Trust is additionally provided for in Statement of Profit and Loss.

The liability or asset recognized in the Balance Sheet in respect of gratuity plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by Actuary using the projected unit credit method.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.

The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in Statement of Profit and Loss.

Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period in which they

occur, directly in other comprehensive income. They are included in retained earnings in the Statement of Changes in Equity and in the Balance Sheet.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized immediately in Statement of Profit and Loss as past service cost.

Defined contribution plans

The Company has defined contribution plans for post retirements benefits, namely, Employee Provident Fund Scheme administered through Provident Fund Commissioner. The Company’s contribution is charged to revenue every year. The Company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The Company’s contribution to State Plans namely Employees’ State Insurance Fund Scheme, Employees’ Pension Scheme and Labor welfare fund are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss every year.

Termination Benefits

A liability for the termination benefit is recognized when the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination benefit.

2.9 Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current tax

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from 'profit before tax’ as reported in the Statement of Profit and Loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the Financial Statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profits. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are

recognized for all deductible temporary differences and incurred tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset is realized, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Current and deferred tax for the year

Current and deferred tax are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the income taxes are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively.

2.10 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)

Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) are stated at cost of acquisition, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost of tangible asset includes purchase cost (net of rebates and discounts) including any import duties and nonrefundable taxes, and any directly attributable costs on making the asset ready for its intended use. Freehold land is measured at cost and is not depreciated.

Interest cost incurred on qualifying asset is capitalized up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use, based on borrowings incurred specifically for

financing the asset or the weighted average rate of all other borrowings if no specific borrowings have been incurred for the asset where the funds used to finance a qualifying asset form part of general borrowings.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognized when replaced. The other repairs and maintenance of revenue nature are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during the reporting period in which they have incurred.

Transition to IND AS

On transition to Ind AS, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value of its property, plant and equipment recognized as at April 01, 2016, measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the property, plant and equipment.

Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method on a pro-rata basis from the date on which each asset is ready to use to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives of the assets as prescribed in Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 except in respect of the following assets where estimated useful life is determined as per management’s estimate based on technical advice which considered the nature of assets, the usage of asset, expected physical wear & tear:

The assets’ residual values, estimated useful lives and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each

reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Gains and losses on disposal are determined by comparing proceeds with carrying amount and are credited/debited to Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.11 Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost of acquisition and are stated net of accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any.

The cost of an intangible asset includes purchase cost (net of rebates and discounts), including any import duties and non-refundable taxes, and any directly attributable costs on making the asset ready for its intended use.

Internally generated intangible assets

Research costs are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year in which they are incurred. Product development costs incurred on new vehicle platform and new products are recognized as intangible assets, when feasibility has been established, the Company has committed technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and it is probable that asset will generate probable future economic benefits.

The costs capitalized include the cost of materials, direct labor and directly attributable overhead expenditure incurred up to the date the asset is available for use.

Interest cost incurred on qualifying asset is capitalized up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use, based on borrowings incurred specifically for financing the asset or the weighted average rate of all other borrowings if no specific borrowings have been incurred for the asset where the funds used to finance a qualifying asset form part of general borrowings.

Capitalized development expenditure is measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any.

Transition to IND AS

On transition to Ind AS, the Company had elected to continue with the carrying value of its intangible asset recognized as at April 01, 2016, measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as the deemed cost of the intangible assets.

The cost of Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. Technical know-how/license fee/product development relating to process design/plants/facilities are capitalized at the time of capitalization of the said plants/facilities and amortized as follows:

Residual Value is considered as Nil for intangible assets.

The amortization period and method are reviewed at least at each financial year end. If the expected useful life of the asset is significantly different from previous estimates, the amortization period is changed accordingly.

Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognized.

Impairment of tangible and intangible assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amount of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any).

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.

2.12 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Raw Material is recorded at cost on a weighted average cost formula.

Stores & spares are recorded at cost on a weighted average cost formula.

Finished goods and Work in progress are valued at raw material cost plus cost of conversion and attributable proportion of manufacturing overhead incurred in bringing inventories to its present location and condition.

By products and Scrap are valued at net realizable value.

Machinery spares (other than those qualified to be capitalized as PPE and depreciated accordingly) are charged to Statement of Profit and Loss on consumption.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

2.13 Provisions and contingencies Provisions

Provisions are recognized when there is a present obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and there is a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation.

Provisions are determined based on best management estimate required to settle the obligation at Balance Sheet date. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Provisions are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate.

Contingent Liabilities

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the

Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

Contingent Assets

Contingent asset being a possible asset that arises from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company, is not recognized but disclosed in the Financial Statements.

2.14 Business Combinations

A common control business combination, involving entities or businesses in which all the combining entities or businesses are ultimately controlled by the same party or parties both before and after the business combination and where the control is not transitory, is accounted for using the pooling of interest method.

Other business combinations, involving entities or businesses are accounted for using acquisition method.

2.15 Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial instruments (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in Statement of Profit and Loss. Subsequently, financial instruments are measured according to the category in which they are classified.

(i) Financial assets

All recognized financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortized cost using the effective interest method or fair value,

depending on the classification of the financial assets.

(ii) Classification of financial assets

Classification of financial assets depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition.

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

♦ t hose to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss), and

♦ those measured at amortized cost.

The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

A financial asset that meets the following two conditions is measured at amortized cost unless the asset is designated at fair value through profit or loss under the fair value option:

♦ Business model test: The objective of the Company’s business model is to hold the financial asset to collect the contractual cash flows.

♦ Cash flow characteristic test: The contractual term of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A financial asset that meets the following two conditions is measured at fair value through other comprehensive income unless the asset is designated at fair value through profit or loss under the fair value option:

♦ Business model test: The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting cash flows and selling financial assets.

♦ Cash flow characteristic test: The contractual term of the financial asset gives rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

All other financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss.

(iii) Investments in equity instrument at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)

On initial recognition, the Company can make an irrevocable election (on an instrument by instrument basis) to present the subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income pertaining to investments in equity instruments. This election is not permitted if the equity instrument is held for trading. These elected investments are initially measured at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value with gains/losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income. This cumulative gain or loss is not reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss on disposal of the investments.

(iv) Equity investment in Subsidiaries, Associates and Joint Ventures

Investments representing equity interest in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are carried at cost less any provision for impairment. Investments are reviewed for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

(v) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investment in equity instruments is classified at fair value through profit or loss, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Financial assets that do not meet the amortized cost criteria or fair value through other comprehensive income criteria are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A financial asset that meets the amortized cost criteria or fair value through other comprehensive income criteria may be designated as at fair value through profit or loss upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets and liabilities or recognizing the gains or losses on them on different bases.

Financial assets which are fair valued through profit or loss are measured at fair value at the

end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

(vi) Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recognized initially at transaction price and subsequently measured at amortized cost less provision for impairment.

(vii) Cash and cash equivalents

I n the Statement of Cash Flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, cheques and balances with banks and short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amount of cash. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in the Balance Sheet and forms part of financing activities in the Statement of Cash Flows. Book overdraft is shown within other financial liabilities in the Balance Sheet and forms part of operating activities in the Statement of Cash Flows.

(viii) Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses impairment based on expected credit losses (ECL) model to the following:

♦ financial assets measured at amortized cost

♦ financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

Expected credit loss are measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

♦ the twelve month expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from those default events on the financial instruments that are possible within twelve months after the reporting date); or

♦ full life time expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument).

For trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115, the Company always measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.

(ix) Derecognition of financial assets

A financial asset is derecognized only when

♦ The Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or

♦ Retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients

♦ The right to receive cash flows from the asset has expired.

(x) Foreign Exchange gains and losses

The fair value of financial assets denominated in a foreign currency is determined in that foreign currency and translated at the exchange rate at the end of each reporting period. For foreign currency denominated financial assets measured at amortized cost or fair value through profit or loss the exchange differences are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss except for those which are designated as hedge instrument in a hedging relationship. Further change in the carrying amount of investments in equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income relating to changes in foreign currency rates are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Financial liabilities and equity instruments(xi) Classification of debt or equity

Debt or equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

(xii) Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

(xiii) Financial liabilities

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method or at fair value through Statement of Profit and Loss.

(xiv) Trade and other payables

Trade and other payables represent liabilities for goods or services provided to the Company prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid.

(xv) Borrowings

Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest rate method.

Borrowings are removed from the Balance Sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired.

The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

(xvi) Foreign exchange gains or losses

For financial liabilities that are denominated in a foreign currency and are measured at amortized cost at the end of each reporting period, the foreign exchange gains and losses are determined based on the amortized cost of the instruments and are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

The fair value of financial liabilities denominated in a foreign currency is determined in that foreign currency and translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period. For financial liabilities that are measured as at fair value through profit or loss, the foreign exchange component forms part of the fair value gains or losses and is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss.

(xvii) Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Company derecognizes financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

(xviii) Derivative financial instruments

The Company enters into a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate risks, including foreign exchange forward contracts, interest rate and cross currency swaps.

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date the derivative contracts are entered and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. The resulting gain or loss is recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in Statement of Profit and Loss depends on nature of the hedging relationship and the nature of the hedged item.

(xix) Offsetting Financial Instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance Sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company or the counterparty.

2.16 Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

♦ In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

♦ I n the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the Financial Statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the Balance Sheet on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

2.17 Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares, except where the result is anti-dilutive.

2.18 Government Grants & Subsidies

Government Grants are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Company will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Company recognizes as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Grant relating to assets are netted off against the acquisition cost of the asset.