2. Significant Accounting Policies
2.1 Basic of Preparation of Financial Statement
i. Statement of Compliance
These Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (the ‘Ind AS’) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015. (as amended from time to time) and the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act’).
ii. Functional and Presentation Currency
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is the functional currency of the Company and the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates. All values are in Rupees except when otherwise indicated.
iii. Historical Cost Convention
The financial statements are prepared under historical cost convention on accrual basis except for certain assets and liabilities as stated in their respective policies, which have been measured at fair values.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date regardless of whether the price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a nonfinancial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable.
Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.
iv. Use of estimates
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Application of accounting policies that require critical accounting estimates involving complex and subjective judgments and the use of assumptions in these financial statements have been disclosed in Note 2.23.
Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates.
Changes in estimates are rejected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.
v. Current versus non-current classification
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or noncurrent as per the Company’s normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in Schedule III to the Act.. Based on the nature of product & activities of the Company and their realization in cash and cash equivalent, the Company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.
vi. New or amended standards and interpretations
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. For the year ended March 31, 2025, MCA has notified Ind AS - 117 Insurance Contracts and amendments to Ind As - 116 - Leases, relating to sale and leaseback transactions. The company has reviewed the new pronouncements and based on its evaluation has determined that it does not have any significant impact in its financial statements.
2.2 Inventory Valuation
(a) Finished Goods at lower of cost or net realizable value.
(b) Goods in Process at cost (computed on FIFO basis)
(c) Raw material at cost (computed on FIFO basis)
(d) Stores and spares at cost (computed on FIFO basis)
(e) Provision for obsolescence and other anticipated losses are made on the stocks, whenever identified / considered necessary.
2.3 Property, Plant and Equipment
Items of Property, Plant and Equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment loss.. Cost includes its purchase price (net of CENVAT/ duty credits wherever applicable), after deducting trade discounts and rebates. It includes other costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the borrowing costs for qualifying assets and the initial estimate of restoration cost if the recognition criteria are met.
When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Company depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment is capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the company and the costs of the item can be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to the statement of profit and loss when incurred. An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the income statement when the asset is derecognized. The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively
2.4 Intangible assets
Intangible assets are stated at their cost of acquisition. The cost comprises purchase price, borrowing cost if capitalization criteria are met and directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use. Any trade discount and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price.
2.5 Depreciation
(i) Tangible assets Depreciation on All Assets is charged at Straight Line Method basis in the manner as prescribed in Companies Act 2013 and rate as per prescribed useful life
(ii) Intangible assets - Computer Softwares are amortized over a period of 5 year and Website Development over a period of 10 Years on a straight line basis.
2.6 Impairment of Assets
Assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (i.e. cash generating units). For the purpose of assessing impairment at each Balance Sheet date, Assets within a Cash Generating Unit are reviewed for impairment wherever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount at which the assets under individual Cash Generating Unit are carried in the books exceeds its recoverable amount being the higher of the assets net selling price and its value in use. Value in use is based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows relating to the assets.
Previously recognized impairment losses, relating to assets other than goodwill, are reversed where the recoverable amount increases because of favorable changes in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount since the last impairment was recognized. A reversal of an asset impairment loss is limited to its carrying amount that would have been determined (net of depreciation or amortization) had no impairment loss been recognized in prior years.
2.7 Recognition of Revenues
Revenue is recognised upon transfer of control of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods.
Sale of goods
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer which is usually on dispatch / delivery.
Revenue is measured based on the transaction price, which is the consideration, adjusted for volume discounts, rebates, scheme allowances, price concessions, incentives, and returns, if any, as specified in the contracts with the customers. Revenue excludes taxes collected from customers on behalf of the government. Accruals for discounts/incentives and returns are estimated (using the most likely method) based on accumulated experience and underlying schemes and agreements with customers. Due to the short nature of credit period given to customers, there is no financing component in the contract.
Interest Income
Interest income from financial assets is recognised when it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income from a financial asset is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable.
Insurance claims and other Miscellaneous Revenues
Insurance claims are accounted for on the basis of claims admitted and to the extent that there is no uncertainty in receiving the claims.
Other Miscellaneous Revenues are recognized when the amounts are actually received or the realisability is certain.
2.8 Foreign Currency Transactions
(a) Initial Recognition
Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
(b) Conversion
Foreign currency monetary items are reported using the closing rate. Nonmonetary items which are carried in terms of historical cost denominated in a foreign currency are reported using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and nonmonetary items which are carried at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in foreign currency, are reported using the exchange rates that existed when the values were determined.
(b) Exchange Differences
Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on restatement of monetary Items at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded during the year, or reported in previous financial statements, are recognized as income or as expenses in the year in which they arise except exchange differences on transactions relating to acquisition of fixed assets, which are taken up to the date of capitalization of the related fixed assets.
2.9 Employee Benefits Expenses and liabilities in respect of employee benefits are recorded in accordance with Indian Accounting Standard 19 - Employee Benefits:
(i) Provident Fund and ESI
The Company makes contribution to statutory Provident Fund and Employee State Insurance in accordance with Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and Employee State Insurance Act, 1948 which is a defined contribution plan and contribution paid or payable is recognized as an expense in the period in which services are rendered by the employee.
(ii) Gratuity
Gratuity is a post employment benefit and is in the nature of a defined benefit plan. The liability recognized in the balance sheet in respect of gratuity is the present value of the defined benefit/obligation at the balance sheet date less the fair value of plan assets, together with adjustment for unrecognized actuarial gains or losses and past service costs. The defined benefit/obligation is calculated at or near the balance sheet date by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method.
Gains and losses through remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability / (asset) are recognized in other comprehensive income. The actual return of the portfolio of plan assets, in excess of the yields computed by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligations recognized in Other Comprehensive Income. The effect of any plan amendments is recognized in net profits in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
(iii) Leave Encashment
Liability in respect of leave encashment is not applicable since the company pays leave encashment to employees every year.
(iv) Other Short Term Benefits
Expense in respect of other short term benefits is recognized on the basis of the amount paid or payable for the period during which services are rendered by the employee.
2.10 Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the respective asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.
2.11 Accounting for Taxes
Tax expense comprises of current and deferred tax. Current income tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the tax authorities in accordance with the Income tax Act, 1961 enacted in India. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date.
Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit and loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
MAT credit is recognized as an asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period. In the year in which the Minimum Alternative tax (MAT) credit becomes eligible to be recognized as an asset in accordance with the recommendations contained in Guidance Note issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, the said asset is created by way of a credit to the Statement of Profit and Loss and shown as MAT Credit Entitlement. The Company reviews the same at each balance sheet date and writes down the carrying amount of MAT Credit Entitlement to the extent there is no longer convincing evidence to the effect that Company will pay normal Income Tax during the specified period.
Deferred Tax
Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet approach on temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purpose at reporting date. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment or the substantive enactment date. A deferred income tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax assets to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow deferred tax assets to be recovered.
The company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
2.12 Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting preference dividends and attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period.
Partly paid equity shares are treated as a fraction of an equity share to the extent that they were entitled to participate in dividends related to a fully paid equity share during the reporting period. The weighted average numbers of equity shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for events of bonus issue; bonus element in a rights issue to existing shareholders; share split; and reverse share split (consolidation of shares).
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
2.13 Cash flow statement
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit before tax for the period is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a noncash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.
2.14 Cash and cash equivalent
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand, cheques on hand and shortterm deposits with an original maturity of three months or less and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts that are repayable on demand, as they are considered an integral part of the Company's cash management.
2.15 Exceptional Items
When items of income and expense within profit or loss from ordinary activities are of such size, nature or incidence that their disclosure is relevant to explain the performance of the enterprise for the period, the nature and amount of such items is disclosed separately as Exceptional items.
2.16 Investments in associates/Subsidiaries
An associate/subsidiary is an entity over which the Company has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control over those policies.
Investments in Associates/Subsidiaries are accounted at cost.
2.17 Non-Current Assets held for sale
The Company classifies noncurrent assets and disposal groups as held for sale if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale/ distribution rather than through continuing use and the sale is considered highly probable. Management must be committed to the sale within one year from the date of classification.
Non-current assets held for sale and disposal groups are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and the fair value less costs to sell.
2.18 Leases Company as a lessee
The Company’s lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for buildings. The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognizes a right of use asset (“ROU”) and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for short term leases and low value leases. For these short¬ term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight line basis over the term of the lease.
Certain lease arrangements include the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities include these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised. The righ to fuse assets are initially recognized at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Right of use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. Right of use assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value in use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.
Lease liability is initially measured at amortized cost at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates in the country of domicile of these leases. Lease liabilities are remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the related right of use asset if the Company changes its assessment if whether it will exercise an extension or a termination option. Lease Liability and ROU asset are separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments are classified as financing cash flows.
Company as a lessor
Leases for which the Company is a lessor is classified as a finance or operating lease. Whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, the contract is classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.
When the Company is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sublease separately. The sublease is classified as a finance or operating lease by reference to the right of use asset arising from the head lease.
For operating leases, rental income is recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease.
2.19 Financial instruments Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in statement of profit and loss.
a) Financial assets
All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognised and derecognized on a trade date basis. Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place.
All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortized cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.
i) Financial assets at amortized cost
A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortized cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
On initial recognition, the Company makes an irrevocable election on an instrument by instrument basis to present the subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income pertaining to investments in equity instruments, other than equity investment which are held for trading. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value with gains and losses arising front changes in fair value, excluding dividends, recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the ‘Reserve for equity instruments through other comprehensive income’. The cumulative gain or loss is not reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of the investments. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to P&L, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
iii) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Investment in equity instruments are classified As at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investment in equity investments which are not held for trading.
Other financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognised in profit or loss
De-recognition
The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition under Ind AS 109.
Impairment of financial assets
The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets which are not fair valued through profit or loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12 month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk front initial recognition in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL. The amount of expected credit losses (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognised is recognized as an impairment gain or loss in profit or loss.
b) Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as debt or equity
Debt and equity instruments issued by a Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.
Equity instruments
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by a Company entity are recognised at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. Repurchase of the Company's own equity instruments is recognised and deducted directly in equity. No gain or loss is recognised in statement of profit and loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Company's own equity instruments.
Financial liabilities
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
The Company's financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent measurement
All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
i) Loans und borrowings
After initial recognition, interest bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the ElR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized.
Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The ElR amortization is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
ii) Trade and other payables
A payable is classified as ’trade payable’ if it is in respect of the amount due on account of goods purchased or services received in the normal course of business. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
De-recognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any noncash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in the statement of profit or loss.
c) Derivative financial instruments
The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward and option contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank. Although the Company believes that these derivatives constitute hedges front an economic perspective, they may not qualify for hedge accounting under Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments. Any derivative that is either not designated a hedge, or is so designated but is ineffective as per Ind AS 109, is categorized as a financial asset or financial liability, at fair value through profit or loss.
Derivatives not designated as hedges are recognized initially at fair value and attributable transaction costs are recognized in net profit in the statement of profit and loss when incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, these derivatives are remeasured at fair value through profit or loss at the end of each reporting period and the resulting exchange gains or losses recognized in profit or loss immediately. Assets/liabilities in this category are presented as current assets/current liabilities if they are either held for trading or are expected to be realized within 12 months after the balance sheet date.
d) Reclassification of financial assets and financial liabilities
The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company’s senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the Company's operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the Company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from
the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.
e) Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial Liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on the net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
2.20 Interim Financial Reporting
Quarterly financial results are published in accordance with the requirement of SEBI (Listing Obligation and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015.
2.21 Deferred Revenue Expenditure
Expenditure is accounted on accrual basis except in specific cases of expenditure incurred against which a definite benefit is expected to flow in to future periods. Such sums are treated as Deferred Revenue Expenditure and charged to Revenue Account over the expected duration of benefits.
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