3. Material accounting policies

3.1. Financial instruments

a. Recognition and initial measurement

Trade receivables issued are initially measured (initial recognition method) at their transaction price when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when

the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.

b. Classification and subsequent measurement

Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at

- amortised cost;

- FVTPL

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except if and in the period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

- the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

- the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost as described above are measured at FVTPL. On initial recognition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.

Financial assets: Business model assessment

The Company makes an assessment of the objective of the business model in which a financial asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:

- the stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. These include whether management's strategy focuses on earning contractual interest income, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of any related liabilities or expected cash outflows or realising cash flows through the sale of the assets;

- how the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Company's management;

- the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;

- how managers of the business are compensated - e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected; and

- the frequency, volume and timing of sales of financial assets in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and expectations about future sales activity.

Financial assets that are held for trading or are managed and whose performance is evaluated on a fair value basis are measured at FVTPL.

Financial assets: Assessment whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest

For the purposes of this assessment, ‘principal' is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest' is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as a profit margin.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Company considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making this assessment, the Company considers:

- contingent events that would change the amount or timing of cash flows;

- terms that may adjust the contractual coupon rate, including variable interest rate features;

- prepayment and extension features; and

- terms that limit the Company's claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. nonrecourse features).

A prepayment feature is consistent with the solely payments of principal and interest criterion if the prepayment amount substantially represents unpaid amounts of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding, which may include reasonable additional compensation for early termination of the contract. Additionally, for a financial asset acquired at a significant discount or premium to its contractual par amount, a feature that permits or requires prepayment at an amount that substantially represents the contractual par amount plus accrued (but unpaid) contractual interest (which may also include reasonable additional compensation for early termination) is treated as consistent with this criterion if the fair value of the prepayment feature is insignificant at initial recognition.

Financial assets: Subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities: Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost represented by borrowings, trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value,

and subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.

Derivative financial instruments

Hedge accounting

The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage risks associated with interest rate fluctuations relating to foreign currency loan taken by the company.

Derivatives are recognized and measured at fair value. Attributable transaction costs are recognized in statement of profit and loss

Cash flow hedge:

The Company has designated derivative financial instruments taken for interest rate as ‘cash flow' hedges relating to foreign currency loan taken by the company.

The use of derivative financial instruments is governed by the Company's policies approved by the Board of Directors, which provide written principles on the use of such instruments consistent with the Company's risk management strategy.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cashflow hedges is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated under the heading of cash flow hedging reserve. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in statement of profit or loss.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or when it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognized when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognised in profit & loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in equity is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Others:

Changes in fair value of foreign currency derivative instruments not designated as cash flow hedges and the ineffective portion of cash flow hedges are

recognized in the statement of profit and loss and reported within foreign exchange gains/ (losses).

Financial Guarantee Contracts

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the beneficiary fails to make payments when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are measured at their applicable fair values.

c. Derecognition

Financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control of the financial asset.

If the Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its balance sheet, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial liabilities

The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire.

The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows under the modified terms are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished and the new financial liability with modified terms is recognised in profit or loss.

d. Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when and only when, the Company has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends

either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

3.2. Inventories

The inventories of medical consumables, drugs and surgical instruments are valued at lower of cost and net realizable value. In the absence of any further estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale, the net realizable value is the selling price. The comparison of cost and net realizable value is made on an item by item basis. Cost of these inventories comprises of all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location after adjusting for Goods and Service Tax wherever applicable, applying the first in first out method.

3.3. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

3.4. Treasury Shares

The Company has created an Employee Benefit Trust (EBT) for providing share based payment to its employees. The Company treats EBT as its extension and shares held by EBT are treated as treasury shares. Own equity instruments that are acquired (treasury shares) are recognized at cost and deducted from equity. When the treasury shares are issued to the employees by EBT, the amount received is recognized as an increase in other equity and the resultant is transferred to securities premium.

3.5. Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby net profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated. Bank overdrafts are classified as part of cash and cash equivalents as they form an integral part of an entity's cash management

3.6. Revenue recognition

Revenue from operations

The Company recognizes revenue from medical and healthcare services to patients, on sale of medical consumables and drugs within the hospital premises and on providing services towards patient amenities.

Revenue is measured at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers/patients in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services.

Sales and Service Income exclude Goods and Service Tax (GST) and are net of trade / volume discounts, where applicable

‘Unbilled revenue' represents value to the extent of medical and healthcare services rendered to the patients who are undergoing treatment/ observation on the balance sheet date and is not billed as at the balance sheet date. 'Unearned revenue' comprises billings in excess of earnings.

Other healthcare services

Revenue is recognized on pro-rata basis on the completion of such services over the duration of the program.

Interest

Interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR) which is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to the amortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses. Interest income is included in other income in the statement of profit and loss.

Dividend

Dividend income is recognised when the Company's right to receive dividend is established.

3.7. Property, Plant and Equipment

Recognition and measurement

Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost which includes capitalized borrowing costs, less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. The cost of an item of Property, Plant and Equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and other non-refundable taxes or levies, freight, any directly

attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use and estimated cost of dismantling and restoring onsite; any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Subsequent expenditures related to an item of tangible fixed asset are added to its book value only if they increase the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance. Cost includes expenditures directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset.

Depreciation and amortization

The Company depreciates property, plant and equipment over the estimated useful life on a straight-line basis from the date the assets are ready for intended use. Assets acquired under finance lease and leasehold improvements are amortized over the lower of estimated useful life and lease term. Freehold land is not depreciated. The estimated useful lives of assets for the current and comparative period of significant items of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year-end and adjusted appropriately.

The Company believes that the useful life as given above best represent the useful life of the assets based on the internal technical assessment and these useful lives are as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 except vehicles where useful life considered by management is lower.

The cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or disposition of the asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss. Amounts paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding as of each reporting date are

recognized as capital advance and the cost of property, plant and equipment not ready for intended use before such date are disclosed under capital work- in-progress.

3.8. Business Combination, other intangible assets and Goodwill

Business combination

Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of assets transferred by the Company, liabilities incurred by the Company to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interest issued by the Company in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.

At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired, and the liabilities assumed are recognised at their fair value at the acquisition date, except that.

• deferred tax assets or liabilities and assets or liabilities related to employee benefit arrangements are recognised and measured in accordance with Ind AS 12 and Ind AS 19 respectively.

• Liabilities or equity instruments related to share-based payment arrangements of the acquiree or share based payment arrangements of the Company entered into to replace share-based payment arrangements of the acquiree are measured in accordance with Ind AS 102 at the acquisition date (see below); and

• assets (or disposal groups) that are classified as held for sale in accordance with Ind AS 105 are measured in accordance with that Standard.

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, and the fair value of the acquirer's previously held equity interest in the acquiree (if any) over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. If the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed exceeds the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree and the fair value of the acquirer's previously held interest in the acquiree (if any), the excess, after reassessment, is recognised in capital reserve through other comprehensive income or directly

depending on whether there exists clear evidence of the underlying reason for classifying the business combination.

Any contingent consideration is measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. If an obligation to pay contingent consideration that meets the definition of financial instrument is classified as equity, then its not remeasured subsequently and settlement is accounted for within equity. Other contingent consideration is re-measured at fair value at each reporting date and changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration are recognised in profit or loss.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets that are acquired separately are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, from the date that they are available for use.

Amortisation method

The estimated useful life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry and known technological advances) and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.

Useful life and residual values are reviewed at the end of each financial year.

Internally generated intangible assets

An internally generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognized if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

• the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

• the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

• the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

• how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

• the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

• the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognised for internally generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recognised in statement of profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Amortisation

The estimated useful life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry and known technological advances) and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.

The estimated useful lives of intangibles are as follows:

Goodwill

Goodwill is recognized and measured as set out above.

Goodwill is not amortised but is reviewed for impairment at least annually. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the company's cashgenerating units expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. Cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the

cash generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of carrying amount of each asset in the unit. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period.

On disposal of a cash-generating unit, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

Transaction costs incurred in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.

3.9. Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries is measured at cost.

3.10. Government grants

Grants from the Government are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that:

(i) the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them; and

(ii) the grant will be received

Government grants related to revenue are recognised on a systematic basis in the statement of profit and loss over the periods necessary to match them with the related costs which they are intended to compensate. Such grants are deducted in reporting the related expense.

Government grants related to assets, including nonmonetary grants at fair value, shall be presented in the balance sheet by setting up the grant as deferred income.

The grant set up as deferred income is recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset

3.11. Employee benefits

Short term employee benefits

Employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of receiving services are classified as short-term employee benefits. These benefits include salary and wages, bonus and exgratia. The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits to be paid in exchange for employee services is recognized as an expense as the related service is rendered by the employees.

Post-employment benefits Defined contribution plans

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays specified contributions to separate entity and has no obligation to pay any further amounts. The Company makes specified obligations towards employee provident fund to Government administered provident fund scheme which is a defined contribution plan. The Company's contributions are recognized as an expense in the statement of profit and loss during the period in which the employee renders the related service.

Defined benefit plans

The Company's gratuity benefit scheme is a defined benefit plan. The Company's net obligation in respect of a defined benefit plan is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned and returned for services in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The calculation of Company's obligation under the plan is performed periodically by an independent qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method.

The gratuity scheme is administered by a third party. Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognised immediately in other comprehensive income (OCI). The Company determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined liability (assets) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the net defined obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes as a result of contribution and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in the statement of profit and loss. The Company recognizes gains and losses in the curtailment or settlement of a defined benefit plan when the curtailment or settlement occurs.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognised immediately in the statement of profit and loss.

Compensated absences

The employees can carry-forward a portion of the unutilized accrued compensated absences and utilize it

in future service periods or receive cash compensation on any leave accumulated in excess of forty five days or on termination of employment. Since the employee has unconditional right to avail the leave, the benefit is classified as a short term employee benefit. The Company records an obligation for such compensated absences in the period in which the employee renders the services that increase this entitlement. The obligation is measured on the basis of independent actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method.

Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP)

The grant date fair value of equity settled share-based payment awards granted to employees is recognized as an employee expense, with a corresponding increase in equity, over the period that the employees unconditionally become entitled to the awards. The amount recognized as expense is based on the estimate of the number of awards for which the related service are expected to be met, such that the amount ultimately recognized as an expense is based on the number of awards that do meet the related service conditions at the vesting date.

3.12. Borrowing cost

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs (including exchange differences relating to foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs) incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs directly attributable to acquisition or construction of an asset which necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use are capitalized as part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

3.13. Leases

The Company's lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for land & buildings and equipment. The Company, at the inception of a contract, assesses whether the contract is a lease or not lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a time in exchange for a consideration. This policy has been applied to contracts existing and entered into on or after April 1,2019.

The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date,

plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company's estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 1 2 months or less and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense over the lease term.

3.14. Earnings per share

The basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to equity shareholders for the period by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to equity shareholders for the year relating to the dilutive potential equity shares, by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and the weighted average number of equity shares which could have been issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares. Potential equity shares are deemed to be dilutive only if their conversion to equity shares would decrease the net profit per share.

3.15. Income tax

The Income-tax expense comprises current tax and deferred tax. It is recognized in profit and loss except to

the extent that is relates to an item recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

Current income tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax reflects the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received after considering the uncertainty, if any, related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates (and tax laws) enacted by the reporting dates.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts, and it is intended to realize the assets and settle the liability on a net basis or simultaneously.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the corresponding amounts used for taxation purposes.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously.

Minimum Alternative tax

According to Section 115JAA of the Income tax Act, 1961, Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT') paid over and above the normal Income tax in a subject year is eligible for carry forward for fifteen succeeding assessment year for set-off against normal Income tax liability. The MAT credit asset is assessed against the entity's normal income tax during the specified period.

3.16. Foreign exchange transactions and translations

Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at prevailing rate at the dates of the transactions.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate when the fair value was determined. Nonmonetary items that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency differences are generally recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

3.17. Impairment

a. Impairment of financial instruments

The Company recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost;

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortized cost and debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit- impaired' when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.

Evidence that a financial asset is credit- impaired includes the following observable data:

- significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;

- the restructuring of a loan or advance by the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise;

- it is probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; or

- the disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties.

The Company measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses, except for the following, which are measured as 12 month expected credit losses:

- debt securities that are determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date; and

- other debt securities and bank balances for which credit risk (i.e. the risk of default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument) has not increased significantly since initial recognition.

Loss allowances for trade receivables are always measured at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.

Lifetime expected credit losses are the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.

12-month expected credit losses are the portion of expected credit losses that result from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date (or a shorter period if the expected life of the instrument is less than 12 months).

In all cases, the maximum period considered when estimating expected credit losses is the maximum contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk.

When determining whether the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition and when estimating expected credit losses, the Company considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes both quantitative, qualitative information and analysis based on the Company's historical experience and informed credit assessment and including forwardlooking information.

Measurement of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the

Company in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive).

Presentation of allowance for expected credit losses in the balance sheet

Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortized cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets.

Write-off

The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off (either partially or in full) to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the trade receivable does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write- off. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Company's procedures for recovery of amounts due.

b. Impairment of non-financial assets

The Company's non-financial assets, inventories and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset's recoverable amount is estimated.

For impairment testing, assets that do not generate independent cash inflows are grouped together into cash-generating units (CGUs). Each CGU represents the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs.

Goodwill arising from a business combination is allocated to CGUs or group of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

The recoverable amount of a CGU (or an individual asset) is the higher of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the CGU (or the asset).

The Company's corporate assets do not generate independent cash inflows. To determine impairment of

a corporate asset, recoverable amount is determined for the CGUs to which the corporate asset belongs.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

3.18. Segment Reporting

Operating results are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (‘CODM') who makes decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance. Segment results that are reported to the CODM include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis.

3.19. Non-current assets or disposal groups held for sale

Non-current assets or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities are classified as held for sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Losses on initial classification held for sale and subsequent gain and losses on re- measurement are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

Once classified as held-for-sale, intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and investment properties are no longer amortized or depreciated.