B. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(i) Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in India
under the historical cost convention (except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values and defined
benefit employee plans) on accrual basis to comply in all material aspects with the Indian Accounting Standards (hereinafter
referred to as the ‘Ind AS’) as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013
read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and Companies (Indian Accounting Standards)
Amendment Rules, 2016.
The financial statements have been prepared on accrual and going concern basis. The accounting policies are applied
consistently to all the periods presented in the financial statements. All assets and liabilities have been classified as current
or non-current as per the Company’s normal operating cycle and other criteria as set out in the Division II of Schedule III to
the Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of products and the time between acquisition of assets for processing and
their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the
purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.
(ii) Key Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the
application of accounting policies that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities as
at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.
Actual results may differ from these estimates. Continuous evaluation is done on the estimation and judgments based on
historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable. Actual
results may differ from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and
future periods. Information about critical judgments in applying accounting policies, as well as estimates and assumptions
that have the most significant effect to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are as
follows:
- Determination of the estimated useful lives of tangible assets and the assessment as to which component of the cost
may be capitalized.
- Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment
- Recognition and measurement of defined benefit obligations
- Recognition of deferred tax assets
- Fair value of financial instruments
- Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
(iii) Property, Plant and Equipment(PPE)
PPE are initially recognised at cost. The initial cost of PPE comprises its purchase price, including non-refundable duties
and taxes net of any trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the PPE to its working condition
for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the item and restoring the site
on which it is located. The cost of PPE includes interest on borrowings (finance cost) directly attributable to acquisition.
PPE are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any.
Subsequent costs are included in the PPE’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate PPE, as appropriate, only when
it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can
be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when
replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are
incurred.
Depreciation on tangible PPE is charged after considering residual value of five percent, is provided on Straight Line
Method in the manner specified in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 except for carrying value of property, plant and
equipment as on April 01,2014 which is depreciated equally over the balance useful life of the PPE.
The carrying values of PPE are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the
carrying value may not be recoverable.
The residual values, useful life and depreciation method are reviewed at each financial year-end to ensure that the amount,
method and period of depreciation are consistent with previous estimates and the expected pattern of consumption of the
future economic benefits embodied in the items of PPE.
An item of PPE is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued
use of the PPE. Any gain or loss arising on disposal or retirement of an item of PPE is determined as the difference
between sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the PPE and is recognised in statement of profit and loss. Fully
depreciated PPE still in use are retained in financial statements.
(iv) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are measured on initial recognition at cost and subsequently are carried at cost less accumulated
amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no
future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses on derecognition are determined by comparing
proceeds with carrying amount.
(v) Financial Instruments
Financial Assets - Initial Recognition
Financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. On
initial recognition, a financial assets is recognised at fair value, in case of financial assets which are recognized at fair value
through profit and loss (FVTPL), its transaction cost are recognized in the statement of profit and loss. In other cases, the
transaction cost are attributed to the acquisition value of the financial assets. However, trade receivable that do not contain
a significant financing component are measured at transaction price.
Subsequent Measurement
Financial Assets are subsequently classified as measured at:
- Amortised Cost
- Fair Value through Profit and Loss (FVTPL)
- Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVTOCI)
The above classification is being determined considering the followings:
(a) The entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and
(b) The contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets.
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their recognition, except if and in the period, the Company change its
business model for managing financial assets.
(i) Measured at Amortised Cost
Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost, if these financial assets are held within a business
model whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and contractual terms of the
financial assets give rise on specified date to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the
principal amount outstanding.
(ii) Measured at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVTOCI)
Financial assets are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if these financial assets are held
within a business whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows that give rise on specified
dates to solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding and by selling financial assets.
Fair value movements are recognised in the Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). Interest income measured using
the EIR method and impairment losses, if any are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss. On derecognition,
cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from the equity to ‘Other Income’ in the Statement
of Profit and Loss in case of debt instrument and transferred within equity in case of equity instrument.
(iii) Measured at Fair Value through Profit or Loss (FVTPL)
Financial assets other than equity instrument are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured at
amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. Such financial assets are
measured at fair value with all changes in fair value, including interest income and dividend income if any, recognised
in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Impairment
The Company recognises a loss allowance for Expected Credit Losses (ECL) on financial assets that are measured at
amortised cost and at FVTOCI. The credit loss is difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to an entity in
accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at
the original effective interest rate. This is assessed on an individual or collective basis after considering all reasonable and
supportable including that which is forward looking.
The Company’s trade receivables or contract revenue receivables do not contain significant financing component and loss
allowance on trade receivables is measured at an amount equal to life time expected losses i.e. expected cash shortfall,
being simplified approach for recognition of impairment loss allowance.
Under simplified approach, the Company does not track changes in credit risk. Rather it recognise impairment loss allowance
based on the life time ECL at each reporting date right from its initial recognition. The Company uses a provision matrix to
determine impairment loss allowance on the portfolio of trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically
observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for forward looking estimates. At
every reporting date, the historical observed default rates are updated and changes in the forward looking estimates are
analysed.
For financial assets other than trade receivables, the Company recognises 12 Months expected credit losses for all originated
or acquired financial assets if at the reporting date the credit risk of the financial assets has not increased significantly
since its initial recognition. The expected credit losses are measured as lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on
financial assets increases significantly since its initial recognition. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument
improves such that there is no longer significant increase in credit risks since initial recognition, then the Company reverts
to recognising impairment loss allowance bases on 12 months ECL. The impairment losses and reversals are recognised
in Statement of Profit and Loss. For financial assets measured at FVTPL, there is no requirement of impairment testing.
Derecognition
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets expire,
or it transfers rights to receive cash flows from an asset. It evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and
rewards of ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset,
nor transferred control of the asset, the Company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the extent of the Company’s
continuing involvement. In that case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the
associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.
Financial liabilities
Initial Recognition and Measurement
Financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial liabilities are initially recognized at fair value net of transaction costs for all financial liabilities not carried at fair
value through Profit or Loss.
The Company’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts.
Subsequent Measurement
Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost are subsequently measured at using EIR method. Financial liabilities
carried at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value with all changes in fair value recognised in the
Statement of Profit and Loss.
Loans and Borrowings
After initial recognition, interest bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using EIR
method. Gains and losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well
as through EIR amortisation process.
Financial Guarantee Contracts
Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Company are those contracts that requires a payment to be made or to
reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtors fails to make payment when due in accordance with
the term of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognised initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for
transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derocognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an
existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an
existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as derecognition of the original
liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the Statement
of Profit and Loss.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward foreign exchange contracts, to hedge its foreign
currency risks. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative
contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognised in Statement
of Profit and Loss.
Off Setting of Financial Instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are off set and the net amount is reported in financial statements if there is a
currently enforceable legal right to off set the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to
realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
(vi) Measurement of Fair Values
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between
market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using
another valuation technique.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing
the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic
benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset
in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available
to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the
fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement
as a whole:
• Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
• Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is
directly or indirectly observable
• Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is
Unobservable
(vii) Inventories
Inventories are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value after providing for obsolescence and other losses, where
considered necessary. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to their present location and condition, including
taxes, transit insurance and receiving charges. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of
business, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
(viii) Revenue Recognition
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when control of the goods are transferred to the customer at an
amount that reflects the consideration entitled in exchange for those goods. The Company is generally the principal as it
typically controls the goods before transferring them to the customer.
Generally, control is transferred upon shipment of goods to the customer or when the goods is made available to the
customer, provided transfer of title to the customer occurs and the Company has not retained any significant risks of
ownership or future obligation with respect to the goods shipped.
Revenue is measured at the amount of consideration which the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring
distinct goods to a customer as specified in the contract, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties (for example
taxes and duties collected on behalf of the government).
Contract Balances
Trade Receivables
A receivable represents the Company’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional.
Contract liabilities
A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods to a customer for which the Company has received consideration from
the customer.
Interest Income
Interest income from financial assets is recognised using effective interest rate method.
Dividend Income
Dividend income is recognised when the Company’s right to receive the amount has been established.
(ix) Employee Benefits
Short-Term Employee Benefits
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short term employee
benefits. Benefits such as salaries, performance incentives, etc., are recognized as an expense at the undiscounted
amount in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the year in which the employee renders the related service.
Post Employment Benefits
(a) Defined Contribution Plans
Payments made to a defined contribution plan such as Provident Fund and Family Pension maintained with Regional
Provident Fund Office are charged as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss as they fall due.
(b) Defined Benefit Plans
The Company’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating
the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, after discounting the same.
The calculation of defined benefit obligations is performed annually by qualified actuary using the projected unit credit
method. Re-measurement of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses are recognized
immediately in “Other Comprehensive Income (OCI)”. Net interest expense (income) on the net defined liability (assets)
is computed by applying the discount rate, used to measure the net defined liability (asset). Net interest expense and
other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss. When the benefits of
a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain
or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company recognizes gains and
losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.
Terminal Benefits
All terminal benefits are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.
(x) Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs are interest and other costs that the Company incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds and is
measured with reference to the effective interest rate applicable to the respective borrowing. Borrowing costs that are
directly attributable to the acquisition of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its
intended use are capitalised as part of the cost of that asset till the date its ready for its intended use. Other borrowing costs
are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.
(xi) Taxes on Income
Income tax expense comprises current tax and deferred income tax. Tax is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss
except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in the Other Comprehensive Income or in equity. In which case, the
tax is also recognised in Other Comprehensive Income or Equity.
Current Tax
Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the income tax
authorities, based on tax rate and laws that are enacted at the Balance Sheet date.
Deferred Tax
Deferred income tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the
Financial Statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit.
Deferred income tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which
the liability is settled or assets realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted
by the end of the reporting period. The carrying amount of Deferred tax liabilities and assets are reviewed at the end of
each reporting period.
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