2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
A. Basis for preparation of financial statements
The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention on the Accrual Concept and Going Concern assumption of accountancy in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in India and comply with the accounting standards as prescribed by Companies (Accounting Standard) Rules, 2006 and with the relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made there under.
Accounting policies set out below have been consistently applied except where a newly issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.
B. Summary of material accounting policies
i. Current versus non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the Balance Sheet based on Current/ Non-Current classification.
An asset is treated as Current when it is
- Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle;
- Held primarily for the purpose of trading;
- Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period, or
- Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is treated as current when:
- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle.
- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading;
- It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.
ii. Operating cycle
Operating cycle is the time gap between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle for the purpose of current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities.
iii. Use of estimates
The preparation of the financial statements requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions considered in the reported amounts of assets and liabilities (including contingent liabilities) and the reported income and expenses during the year. The Management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and the differences between the actual results and the estimates are recognised in the periods in which the results are known/materialized.
iv. Inventories
The inventory are valued at lower of cost or net realizable
value. Cost includes all charges in bringing the goods to the point of sale, including octroi and other levies. transit insurance and receiving charges. Finished goods include appropriate proportion of overheads.
v. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet comprise of cash at bank and in hand and short term investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Earmarked balances with bank, margin money or security against borrowings, guarantees and other commitments if any shall be treated separately from cash and cash equivalent.
vi. Cash flow statement
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit / (loss) before extraordinary items and tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of noncash nature and any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated based on the available information.
vii. Property, plant and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Cost comprises of all expenses incurred to bring the assets to its present location and condition. Borrowing cost directly attributable to the acquisition/ Construction are included in the cost of fixed assets. Adjustments arising from exchange rate variations attributable to the fixed assets are capitalized.
In case of new projects / expansion of existing projects, expenditure incurred during construction / preoperative period including interest and finance charge on specific / general purpose loans, prior to commencement of commercial production are capitalized. The same are allocated to the respective on completion of construction / erection of the capital project / fixed assets.
Subsequent expenditures related to an item of tangible asset are added to its book value only if they increase the future economic benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance.
Capital assets (including expenditure incurred during the construction period) under erection / installation are stated in the Balance Sheet as "Capital Work in Progress".
Depreciation
All fixed assets, except capital work in progress, are depreciated on Straight Line Method. Depreciation is provided based on useful life of the assets as prescribed
in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013. Depreciation on additions to / deletions from fixed assets made during the period is provided on pro-rata basis from / up to the date of such addition /deletion as the case may be.
Intangible assets
Separately acquired intangible assets- Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
Internally generated intangible assets- Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development cost, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. Cost comprises the purchase price and any attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.
viii. Revenue recognition Sale of goods
Sales are recognised, net of returns and trade discounts, on transfer of significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer, which generally coincides with the delivery of goods to customers. Sales exclude Goods and services Tax(GST). The company follows the mercantile system of accounting and recognizes the income and expenditures on accrual basis except in case of significant uncertainties.
Sale of investments
The capital gain on sale of investments if any are recognized on completion of transaction. No notional profit/loss are recognized on such investments. Interest income is recognized on time proportion basis, when it is accrued and due for payment.
ix. Other Income
Dividend or other income from mutual fund investments is recognised on declaration of dividend or on redemption, as the case may be. Profit on sale of investments is recorded on transfer of title from the Company and is determined as the difference between the redemption price and carrying value of the investment.
x. Foreign currency transactions and translations Initial recognition
Transactions in foreign currencies entered into by the Company are accounted at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction or at rates
that closely approximate the rate at the date of the transaction.
Measurement of foreign currency monetary items at the Balance Sheet date Foreign currency monetary items (other than derivative contracts) of the Company outstanding at the Balance Sheet date are restated at the year-end rates.
Exchange differences arising out of these translations are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
xi. Investments
Investments are classified into current and long-term investments. Investments that are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than a year from the date of acquisition are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as long-term investments. However, that part of longterm investments expected to be realized within twelve months from Balance Sheet date is also presented under "Current Assets" under "Current portion of longterm investments" in consonance with the current / non-current classification of revised Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013.
Current investments are stated at the lower of cost and fair value. The comparison of cost and fair value is done separately in respect of each category of investments. Long-term investments are stated at cost. A provision for diminution in the value of long-term investments is made only if such a decline is other than temporary in the opinion of the management. On disposal of an investment, the difference between its carrying amount and net disposal proceeds is recognized in the statement of Profit and Loss. Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value. Long term investments (including their current maturities) are stated at cost less amount written off, where there is a diminution in value, other than temporary.
xii. Taxes on income
Income tax expenses for the year comprises of current tax and deferred tax. Current tax provision is determined on the basis of taxable income computed as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act. Deferred tax is recognized for all timing differences that are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods subject to conditions of prudence and by applying tax rates that have been substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
xiii. Impairment of assets
At each balance sheet date, the Company reviews the carrying amount of its fixed assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the assets is estimated in order to determine the extent of impairment loss. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows expected from the continuing use of the assets and from its disposal are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of time value of money and the risks specific to the assets.
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