1 CORPORATE INFORMATION
S. P capital Financing Limited (the Company) having principal place of business at Registered office at The Ruby, 5SC, 5th Floor, South Wing, Level 8th, JK Sawant Marg, Dadar West, Mumbai 400028 is engaged in the business of Finance & Investment activities and in providing ancillary services related to the said business activities. The Company is NBFC holding a Certificate of Registration No. B_13.01087 from the Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”), having CIN: L74140MH1983PLC029494.
The financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024 were authorised for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on May 29th, 2024.
2 SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES2.1 Basis of preparation
The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended from time to time). The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, as modified by the application of fair value measurements required or allowed by relevant Accounting Standards. Accounting policies have been consistently applied to all periods presented, unless otherwise stated.
The preparation of financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosed amount of contingent liabilities. Areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions are significant to the Company are discussed in Note 2.13 - Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions.
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR).
2.2 Presentation of financial statements
The financial statements of the Company are presented as per Schedule III (Division III) of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act) applicable to NBFCs, as notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). Financial assets and financial liabilities are generally reported on a gross basis except when, there is an unconditional legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts without being contingent on a future event and the parties intend to settle on a net basis in the following circumstances:
i. The normal course of business.
ii. The event of default.
iii. The event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company and/or its counterparties
2.3 Statement of compliance
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period as explained in the accounting policies below and the relevant provisions of the Act.
Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.
2.4 Financial instrumentsi. Classification of financial instruments
The Company classifies its financial assets into the following measurement categories:
1. Financial assets to be measured at amortised cost.
2. Financial assets to be measured at fair value through profit or loss.
The classification depends on the contractual terms of the financial asset’s cash flows and the Company’s business model for managing financial assets which are explained below:
Business Model Assessment
The Company determines its business model at the level that best reflects how it manages groups of financial assets to achieve its business objective.
The Company’s business model is not assessed on an instrument-by-instrument basis, but at a higher level of aggregated portfolios and is based on observable factors such as:
- How the performance of the business model and the financial assets held within that business model are evaluated and reported to the entity’s key management personnel
- The risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and the way those risks are managed.
- How managers of the business are compensated (for example, whether the compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or on the contractual cash flows collected)
- The expected frequency, value and timing of sales are also important aspects of the Company’s assessment. The business model assessment is based on reasonably expected scenarios without taking ‘worst case’ or ‘stress case’ scenarios into account. If cash flows after initial recognition are realised in a way that is different from the Company’s original expectations, the Company does not change the classification of the remaining financial assets held in that business model, but incorporates such information when assessing newly originated or newly purchased financial assets going forward.
The Solely Payments of Principal and Interest (SPPI) test
As a second step of its classification process the Company assesses the contractual terms of financial assets to identify whether they meet the SPPI test.
‘Principal’ for the purpose of this test is defined as the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition and may change over the life of the financial asset (for example, if there are repayments of principal or amortisation of the premium/discount).
In making this assessment, the Company considers whether the contractual cash flows are consistent with a basic lending arrangement i.e. interest includes only consideration for the time value of money, credit risk, other basic lending risks and a profit margin that is consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Where the contractual terms introduce exposure to risk or volatility that are inconsistent with a basic lending arrangement, the related financial asset is classified and measured at fair value through profit or loss.
The Company classifies its financial liabilities at amortised costs unless it has designated liabilities at fair value through the profit and loss account or is required to measure liabilities at fair value through profit or loss such as derivative liabilities.
ii. Financial assets measured at amortised cost
These financial assets comprises of bank balances, receivables, investments and other financial assets. Debt instruments
Debt instruments are measured at amortised cost where they have:
a) contractual terms that give rise to cash flows on specified dates, that represent solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; and
b) are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by holding to collect contractual cash flows.
These debt instruments are initially recognised at fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortised cost.
iii. Financial Instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
Items at fair value through profit or loss comprise:
- Investments (including equity shares) held for trading;
- debt instruments with contractual terms that do not represent solely payments of principal and interest. Financial instruments held at FVTPL are initially recognised at fair value, with transaction costs recognised in the statement of profit and loss as incurred. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value and any gains or losses are recognised in the statement of profit and loss as they arise.
iv. Debt securities and other borrowed funds
After initial measurement, debt issued, and other borrowed funds are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on issue funds, and costs that are an integral part of the Effective Interest Rate (EIR).
v. Reclassification
If the business model under which the Company holds financial assets undergoes changes, the financial assets affected are reclassified. The classification and measurement requirements related to the new category apply prospectively from the first day of the first reporting period following the change in business model that result in reclassifying the Company’s financial assets. Changes in contractual cash flows are considered under the accounting policy on Modification and derecognition of financial assets described in subsequent paragraphs.
vi. Recognition and Derecognition of financial assets and liabilities Recognition:
a) Loans and Advances are initially recognised when the Financial Instruments are transferred to the customers.
b) Investments are initially recognised on the settlement date.
c) Debt securities and borrowings are initially recognised when funds are received by the Company.
d) Other Financial assets and liabilities are initially recognised on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. This includes regular way trades: purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame generally established by regulation or convention in the market place.
Derecognition of financial assets due to substantial modification of terms and conditions:
The Company derecognises a financial asset, such as a loan to a customer, when the terms and conditions have been renegotiated to the extent that, substantially, it becomes a new loan, with the difference recognised as a derecognition gain or loss, to the extent that an impairment loss has not already been recorded. The newly recognised loans are classified as Stage 1 for ECL measurement purposes, unless the new loan is deemed to be Purchased or Originated as Credit Impaired (POCI).
If the modification does not result in cash flows that are substantially different, the modification does not result in derecognition. Based on the change in cash flows discounted at the original EIR, the Company records a modification gain or loss, to the extent that an impairment loss has not already been recorded.
Derecognition of financial assets other than due to substantial modification a) Financial Assets
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset have expired. The Company also derecognises the financial asset if it has both transferred the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition.
The Company has transferred the financial asset if, the Company has transferred its contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset.
A transfer only qualifies for derecognition if either:
i. The Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or
ii. The Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
The Company considers control to be transferred if and only if, the transferee has the practical ability to sell the asset in its entirety to an unrelated third party and is able to exercise that ability unilaterally and without imposing additional restrictions on the transfer.
When the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards and has retained control of the asset, the asset continues to be recognised only to the extent of the Company’s continuing involvement, in which case, the Company also recognises an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that the Company has retained.
A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled or expires. Where an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference between the carrying value of the original financial liability and the consideration paid is recognised in the Statement of Profit or Loss.
vii. Impairment of financial assetsOverview of the ECL principles
The Company records allowance for expected credit losses for all loans, other debt financial assets not held at FVTPL, in this section all referred to as ‘financial instruments. Equity instruments are not subject to impairment under Ind AS 109.
The ECL allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset (the lifetime expected credit loss), unless there has been no significant increase in credit risk since origination, in which case, the allowance is based on the 12 months’ expected credit loss.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is the portion of Lifetime ECL that represent the ECLs that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.
Both Lifetime ECLs and 12-month ECLs are calculated on either an individual basis or a collective basis, depending on the nature of the underlying portfolio of financial instruments. The Company has grouped its loan portfolio into Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and Construction Finance.
The Company has established a policy to perform an assessment, at the end of each reporting period, of whether a financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, by considering the change in the risk of default occurring over the remaining life of the financial instrument. The Company does the assessment of significant increase in credit risk at a borrower level. If a borrower has various facilities having different past due status, then the highest days past due (DPD) is considered to be applicable for all the facilities of that borrower.
Based on the above, the Company categorises its loans into Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 as described below:
Stage 1
All exposures where there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or that has low credit risk at the reporting date and that are not credit impaired upon origination are classified under this stage. The Company classifies all standard advances and advances up to 0-29 days default under this category. Stage 1 loans also include facilities where the credit risk has reduced and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 2.
All exposures where there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition but is not credit impaired are classified under this stage. Financial assets past due for 30 to 89 days are classified under this stage. Stage 2 loans also include facilities where the credit risk has reduced, and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 3.
Stage 3
All exposures assessed as credit impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that asset have occurred are classified in this stage. For exposures that have become credit impaired, a lifetime ECL is recognised and interest revenue is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the amortised cost (net of provision) rather than the gross carrying amount. 90 days Past Due is considered as default for classifying a financial instrument as credit impaired. If an event (for e.g. any natural calamity) warrants a provision higher than as mandated under ECL methodology, the Company may classify the financial asset in Stage 3 accordingly.
Credit-impaired financial assets:
At each reporting date, the company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortised cost and debt financial assets carried at FVTOCI are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.
Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes the following observable data:
a) Significant financial difficulty of the borrower or issuer;
b) A breach of contract such as a default or past due event;
c) The restructuring of a loan or advance by the company on terms that the company would not consider otherwise;
d) It is becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation; or
e) The disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties.
The mechanics of ECL:
The Company calculates ECLs based on probability-weighted scenarios to measure the expected cash shortfalls, discounted at an approximation to the EIR. A cash shortfall is the difference between the cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive.
The mechanics of the ECL calculations are outlined below and the key elements are, as follows:
Probability of Default (PD) - The Probability of Default is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon. A default may only happen at a certain time over the assessed period, if the facility has not been previously derecognised and is still in the portfolio.
Loss Given Default (LGD) - The Loss Given Default is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time. It is based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due and those that the lender would expect to receive, including from the realisation of any collateral. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the EAD.
Exposure at Default (EAD) - The Exposure at Default is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date including the undrawn commitments.
Collateral Valuation
To mitigate its credit risks on financial assets, the Company seeks to use collateral, where possible. The collateral comes in various forms, such as the underlying asset financed, cash, securities, letters of credit/guarantees, etc. However, the fair value of collateral affects the calculation of ECLs. To the extent possible, the Company uses active market data for valuing financial assets held as collateral.
Collateral repossessed
In its normal course of business, the Company does not physically repossess properties or other assets in its retail portfolio, but engages its employees to recover funds, to settle outstanding debt. Any surplus funds are returned to the customers/obligors. As a result of this practice, assets under legal repossession processes are not recorded on the balance sheet.
viii. Write-offs
The Company reduces the gross carrying amount of a financial asset when the Company has no reasonable expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. This is generally the case when the Company determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subjected to write-offs. Any subsequent recoveries against such loans are credited to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
ix. Determination of fair value
On initial recognition, all the financial instruments are measured at fair value. For subsequent measurement, the Company measures certain categories of financial instruments (as explained in note.) at fair value on each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
i. In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
ii. In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
In order to show how fair values have been derived, financial instruments are classified based on a hierarchy of valuation techniques, as summarised below:
Level 1 financial instruments - Those where the inputs used in the valuation are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has access to at the measurement date. The Company considers markets as active only if there are sufficient trading activities with regards to the volume and liquidity of the identical assets or liabilities and when there are binding and exercisable price quotes available on the balance sheet date.
Level 2 financial instruments - Those where the inputs that are used for valuation are significant and are derived from directly or indirectly observable market data available over the entire period of the instrument’s life. Such inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical instruments in inactive markets and observable inputs other than quoted prices such as interest rates and yield curves, implied volatilities, and credit spreads. In addition, adjustments may be required for the condition or location of the asset or the extent to which it relates to items that are comparable to the valued instrument. However, if such adjustments are based on unobservable inputs which are significant to the entire measurement, the Company will classify the instruments as Level 3.
Level 3 financial instruments - Those that include one or more unobservable input that is significant to the measurement as whole.
The Company recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred.
Difference between transaction price and fair value at initial recognition
The best evidence of the fair value of a financial instrument at initial recognition is the transaction price (i.e. the fair value of the consideration given or received) unless the fair value of that instrument is evidenced by comparison with other observable current market transactions in the same instrument (i.e. without modification or repackaging) or based on a valuation technique whose variables include only data from observable markets. When such evidence exists, the Company recognises the difference between the transaction price and the fair value in profit or loss on initial recognition (i.e. on day one).
When the transaction price of the instrument differs from the fair value at origination and the fair value is based on a valuation technique using only inputs observable in market transactions, the Company recognises the difference between the transaction price and fair value in net gain on fair value changes. In those cases where fair value is based on models for which some of the inputs are not observable, the difference between the transaction price and the fair value is not recognised at the initial recognition stage.
2.5 Revenue from operationsi. Interest Income
Interest income is recognised by applying EIR to the gross carrying amount of financial assets other than credit- impaired assets and financial assets classified as measured at FVTPL, taking into account the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate. For credit impaired financial assets, the company applies the EIR to the amortised cost of the financial asset in subsequent reporting period.
The EIR is computed:
As the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset.
By considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) in estimating the cash flows
Including all fees paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts.
Any subsequent changes in the estimation of the future cash flows is recognised in interest income with the corresponding adjustment to the carrying amount of the assets.
ii. Dividend Income
Dividend income is recognised when the right to receive the payment is established.
iii. Net gain on Fair value changes
Any differences between the fair values of financial assets classified as FVTPL held by the Company on the reporting date is recognised as an unrealised gain / loss. In cases there is a net gain in the aggregate, the same is recognised in “Net gains on fair value changes” under Revenue from operations and if there is a net loss the same is disclosed as “Net loss on fair value changes” under Expenses in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Similarly, any realised gain or loss on sale of financial instruments measured at FVTPL is recognised in net gain/loss on fair value changes.
However, net gain/loss on derecognition of financial instruments classified as amortised cost is presented separately under the respective head in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
2.6 Expensesi. Finance costs
Finance costs on borrowings is paid towards availing of loan, is amortised on EIR basis over the life of loan. The EIR in case of a financial liability is computed
a. As the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments through the expected life of the financial liability to the gross carrying amount of the amortised cost of a financial liability.
b. By considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument in estimating the cash flows.
c. Including all fees paid between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts.
Any subsequent changes in the estimation of the future cash flows is recognised in interest expense with the corresponding adjustment to the carrying amount of the liability.
Interest expense includes issue costs that are initially recognized as part of the carrying value of the financial liability and amortized over the expected life using the effective interest method. These include fees and commissions payable to advisers and other expenses such as external legal costs, Rating Fee etc., provided these are incremental costs that are directly related to the issue of a financial liability.
ii. Retirement and other employee benefits Short term employee benefit
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short- term employee benefits. These benefits include short term compensated absences such as paid annual leave. The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the services rendered by employees is recognised as an expense during the period. Benefits such as salaries and the expected cost of the bonus/ex-gratia are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service.
Post-employment employee benefits
a) Defined contribution schemes
All the eligible employees of the Company who have opted to receive benefits under the Provident Fund and Employees State Insurance scheme, defined contribution plans in which both the employee and the Company contribute monthly at a stipulated rate. The Company has no liability for future benefits other than its annual contribution and recognises such contributions as an expense in the period in which employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to the scheme for service received before the Balance Sheet date exceeds the contribution already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognised as a liability after deducting the contribution already paid. If the contribution already paid exceeds the contribution due for services received before the Balance Sheet date, then excess is recognised as an asset to the extent that the pre-payment will lead to, for example, a reduction in future payment or a cash refund.
b) Defined Benefit schemes
The Company provides for the gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering all employees. The plan provides for lump sum payments to employees upon death while in employment or on separation from employment after serving for the stipulated years mentioned under ‘The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972’. The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plan is determined based on actuarial valuation, carried out by an independent actuary at each Balance Sheet date, using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.
The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plan are based on the market yields on Government Securities as at the Balance Sheet date.
Net interest recognized in profit or loss is calculated by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The actual return on the plan assets above or below the discount rate is recognized as part of re-measurement of net defined liability or asset through other comprehensive income. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, attrition rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, these liabilities are highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.
Re-measurement, comprising of actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Re-measurements are not reclassified to profit and loss in subsequent periods.
Other long-term employee benefits
Company’s liabilities towards compensated absences to employees are accrued on the basis of valuations, as at the Balance Sheet date, carried out by an independent actuary using Projected Unit Credit Method. Actuarial gains and losses comprise experience adjustments and the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions and are recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
The Company presents the Provision for compensated absences under provisions in the Balance Sheet.
iii Rent Expense Identification of Lease:
The determination of whether an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, is based on the substance of the arrangement and requires an assessment of whether the fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets or whether the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset.
Recognition of lease payments:
A right-of-use asset representing the right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability representing the obligation to make lease payments is recognized for all leases over 1 year on initial recognition basis. Discounted committed & expected future cash flows and depreciation on the asset portion on straight-line basis & interest on liability portion (net of lease payments) on EIR basis is recognized over the expected lease term. No right-of-use asset is created for short term leases (i.e. lease term less than 1 year) and leases of low value items.
iv Other income and expenses
All Other income and expense are recognized on accrual basis in the period they occur.
v Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date if there is any indication of impairment based on internal/external factors. An impairment loss is recognized wherever the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the assets, net selling price and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and risks specific to the asset.
In determining net selling price, recent market transactions are taken into account, if available. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. After impairment, depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remaining useful life.
vi Taxes Current Tax
Current tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior years are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from, or paid to, the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted, or substantively enacted, by the reporting date in the countries where the Company operates and generates taxable income.
Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognised for temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.
Deferred tax assets are only recognised for temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits if it is probable that future taxable amounts will arise to utilise those temporary differences and losses. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset where there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity.
Indirect Taxes
Goods and services tax /service tax/value added taxes paid on acquisition of assets or on incurring expenses.
Expenses and assets are recognised net of the goods and services tax/service tax/value added taxes paid, except:
i. When the tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the tax paid is recognised as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable.
ii. When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of tax included
The net amount of tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the balance sheet.
2.7 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise the net amount of short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash (short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less) and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. They are held for the purposes of meeting short-term cash commitments (rather than for investment or other purposes).
For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and shortterm deposits, as defined above.
2.8 Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment (PPE) are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, (if any). The total cost of assets comprises its purchase price, freight, duties, taxes and any other incidental expenses directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the management. Changes in the expected useful life are accounted for by changing the amortisation period or methodology, as appropriate, and treated as changes in accounting estimates.
Subsequent expenditure related to an item of tangible asset are added to its gross value only if it increases the future benefits of the existing asset, beyond its previously assessed standards of performance and cost can be measured reliably. Other repairs and maintenance costs are expensed off as and when incurred.
Depreciation
"Depreciation is calculated using the straight line method to write down the cost of property and equipment to their residual values over their estimated useful lives which is in line with the estimated useful life as specified in Schedule II of the Act, except the useful life of plant and machinery, life of which is estimated for the period of 5 years (as per contractual terms). The estimated useful lives are as prescribed by Schedule II of the Act. The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
Property plant and equipment is derecognised on disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is recognised in other income / expense in the statement of profit and loss in the year the asset is derecognised. The date of disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is the date the recipient obtains control of that item in accordance with the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in Ind AS 115."
2.9 Intangible assets
An intangible asset is recognised only when its cost can be measured reliably, and it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to it will flow to the Company.
Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of an intangible asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable expenditure on making the asset ready for its intended use and net of any trade discounts and rebates. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses.
The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed to be either finite or infinite. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful economic life. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life, or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset, are accounted for by changing the amortisation period or methodology, as appropriate, which are then treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is presented as a separate line item in the statement of profit and loss. Amortisation on assets acquired/sold during the year is recognised on a pro-rata basis to the Statement of Profit and Loss from / upto the date of acquisition/sale.
Amortisation is calculated using the straight-line method to write down the cost of intangible assets to their residual values over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets comprising of software are amortised on a straight-line basis over a period of 3 years, unless it has a shorter useful life.
Gains or losses from derecognition of intangible assets are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is derecognised.
2.10 Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the enterprise has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of past events, and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
When the effect of the time value of money is material, the enterprise determines the level of provision by discounting the expected cash flows at a pre-tax rate reflecting the current rates specific to the liability. The expense relating to any provision is presented in the Statement of Profit and Loss net of any reimbursement.
2.11 Contingent Liabilities
A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the Company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The Company does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements.
2.12 Earnings Per Share
The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per share in accordance with Ind AS 33 on Earnings per share. Basic EPS vis calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting preference dividend and attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless they have been issued at a later date. In
computing the dilutive earnings per share, only potential equity shares that are dilutive and that either reduces the earnings per share or increases loss per share are included.
2.13 Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the Ind AS requires the management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and the accompanying disclosure and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the end of the reporting period. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised and future periods are affected. Although these estimates are based on the management’s best knowledge of current events and actions, uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in the outcomes requiring a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities in future periods.
In particular, information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements is included in the following notes:
i. Useful lives of depreciable assets
Management reviews its estimate of the useful lives of depreciable assets at each reporting date, based on the expected utility of the assets. Uncertainties in these estimates relate to technological obsolescence that may change the utility of certain software and IT equipment.
ii. Lease term of right-to-use assets
Management reviews its estimate of the lease term of right-to-use assets at each reporting date, based on the expected utility of the leased property. Uncertainties in this estimate relate to business obsolescence/discontinuance that may change the lease term for certain right-to-use assets.
iii. Impairment of non-financial assets
Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm’s length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a DCF model. The cash flows are derived from the budget for the next five years and do not include restructuring activities that the Company is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset’s performance of the CGU being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes.
iv. Defined employee benefit assets and liabilities
The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and the present value of the gratuity obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate; future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.
v. Impairment of loans portfolio
The measurement of impairment losses across all categories of financial assets requires judgement, in particular, the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows and collateral values when determining impairment losses and the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk. These estimates are driven by a number of factors, changes in which can result in different levels of allowances.
It has been the Company’s policy to regularly review its models in the context of actual loss experience and adjust as and when necessary.
vi. Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method
The Company’s EIR methodology, recognises interest income / expense using a rate of return that represents the best estimate of a constant rate of return over the expected behavioural life of loans given / taken and recognises the effect of potentially different interest rates at various stages and other characteristics of the product life cycle (including prepayments and penalty interest and charges).
This estimation, by nature, requires an element of judgement regarding the expected behaviour and life-cycle of the instruments, as well expected changes to Company’s base rate and other fee income/expense that are integral parts of the instrument.
2.14 Operating Cycle
Based on the nature of products/activities of the company and the normal time between acquisition of assets and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents, the company has determined its operating cycle as 12 months.
2.15 Recent pronouncements
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. For the year ended March 31, 2024, MCA has not notified any new standards or amendments to the existing standards applicable to the Company.
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