2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a) Statement of compliance
These Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting
Standards (Tnd AS’) as notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs pursuant to section 133 of
the Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act’) read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting
Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and other relevant provisions of the Act.
The accounting policies are applied consistently to all the years presented in the financial
statements.
(b) Basis of Preparation and Presentation
The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain
financial instruments that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as
explained in the accounting policies below.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in
an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of
whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In
estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the
characteristics of the asset or liability, if market participants would take those characteristics
into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.
In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into
Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value
measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value
measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:
• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or
liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date;
• Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are
observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
All assets and liabilities have been classified as Current and Non-Current as per the
Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in Schedule III to the
Companies Act, 2013. Based on the nature of services rendered and the time between the
rendering of the services and their realisation in cash and cash equivalent, the Company has
ascertained its operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of Current and Non-Current
classification of assets and liabilities.
All the Indian Accounting Standards O'lnd AS”) issued and notified by the Ministry of
Corporate Affairs are effective and considered for the significant accounting policies to the
extent relevant and applicable for the Company.
The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees.
(c) Use of estimates and judgments
In the course of applying the policies outlined in all notes under Note 2 above, the Company
is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amount of
assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and
associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are
considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to
accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the
revision affects only that period, or in the period of revision and future period, if the revision
affects current and future period.
(d) Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and
accumulated impairment losses, if any.
Cost includes purchase price, taxes and duties and other direct costs incurred for bringing
the asset to the condition of its intended use. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s
carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable
that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the
cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance costs are
recognized in statement of profit and loss as incurred. Borrowing costs attributable to the
acquisition or construction of a qualifying asset is also capitalised as part of the cost of the
asset.
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment, is provided on the straight-line method, pro¬
rata to the period of use, over their useful life. The estimated useful lives and residual values
are as prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end
of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a
prospective basis.
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future
economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss
arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is
determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset
and is recognized in statement of profit and loss.
The Company had elected to measure all its property, plant and equipment at the previous
GAAP carrying amount as its deemed cost on the date of transition to Ind AS i.e. April 01,
2016.
(e) Investment Property
Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation.
Investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated
impairment losses, if any.
Cost includes purchase price, taxes and duties and other direct costs incurred for bringing
the asset to the condition of its intended use. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s
carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable
that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost
of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized
in statement of profit and loss as incurred. Borrowing costs attributable to the acquisition or
construction of a qualifying asset is also capitalised as part of the cost of the asset.
Depreciation on investment property is provided on the straight-line method, pro-rata to the
period of use, over the useful life as prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013
An investment property is derecognized upon disposal or when the investment property is
permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the
disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the
difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is
included in statement of profit and loss in the period in which the property is derecognized.
The Company had elected to measure all its investment property at the previous GAAP
carrying amount as its deemed cost on the date of transition to Ind AS i.e. April 1, 2016.
(f) Impairment of tangible assets
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its
tangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered
an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is
estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). When it is not
possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates
the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When a
reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also
allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest
group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be
identified.
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In
assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value
using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of
money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have
not been adjusted. If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is
estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash¬
generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized
immediately in statement of profit and loss.
When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash¬
generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, so that the
increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been
determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or cash- generating unit)
in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in statement of
profit and loss.
(g) Cash and Cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, demand deposits with banks and other
short term highly liquid investments, which are readily convertible into cash and which are
subject to an insignificant risk of change in value and have original maturities of three
months or less.
(h) Financials Instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party
to the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction
costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial
liabilities {other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or
loss (‘FVTPL”)} are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or
financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly
attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through
profit or loss are recognized immediately in statement of profit and loss.
Financial assets:
On initial recognition, a financial asset is recognised at fair value. All recognized financial
assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortized cost or fair value
through profit or loss (FVTPL) or fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)
depending on the classification of the financial assets.
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their recognition, except if and in the
period the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.
Investment in Equity Instruments:
All investments in equity instruments classified under financial assets are initially measured
at fair value. The Company may, on initial recognition, irrevocably elect to measure the
same either at FVOCI or FVTPL.
The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Fair value change
on an equity instrument is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss unless the
Company has elected to measure such instalment at FVOCI. Fair value changes excluding
dividends, on an equity instrument measured at FVOCI are recognised in OCI. Amounts
recognised in OCI are not subsequently reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Dividend income on the investments in equity instruments are recognised in the Statement
of Profit and Loss.
Investment in mutual funds:
All investments in mutual funds are measured at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL)
Derecognition
The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows
from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the contractual rights to receive the cash flows
from the asset.
Expected credit losses are recognized for all financial assets subsequent to initial recognition
other than financials assets in FVTPL category.
ECL is the weighted-average of difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to
the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company
expects to receive, discounted at the original effective interest rate, with the respective risks
of default occurring as the weights. When estimating the cash flows, the Company is
required to consider:
• All contractual terms of the financial assets (including prepayment and extension) over
the expected life of the assets.
• Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral
to the contractual terms.
For financial assets the Company recognizes 12 month expected credit losses for all
originated or acquired financial assets if at the reporting date the credit risk of the financial
asset has not increased significantly since its initial recognition. The expected credit losses
are measured as lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on financial asset increases
significantly since its initial recognition. The Company assumes that the credit risk on a
financial asset has not increased significantly since initial recognition if the financial asset is
determined to have low credit risk at the balance sheet date.
Financial liabilities and equity instruments
Classification as debt or equity
Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial
liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and
the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.
Equity instruments
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an
entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are
recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.
Repurchase of the Company’s own equity instruments is recognized and deducted directly
in equity. No gain or loss is recognized in statement of profit and loss on the purchase, sale,
issue or cancellation of the Company’s own equity instmments.
Financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual
provisions of the instrument. Financial liabilities are initially measured at the amortised cost
unless at initial recognition, they are classified as fair value through profit or loss.
All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective
interest method. Financial liabilities carried at fair value through profit or loss are measured
at fair value with all changes in fair value recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Interest expense are included in the ‘Finance costs’ line item.
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial
liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest
rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and
points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction
costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or
(where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s
obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.
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