1. Material Accounting Policies

The accounting policies mentioned herein are relating to the standalone financial statements of the Company.

a) Brief description of the Company

TVS Motor Company Limited (‘the Company’) is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India whose shares are publicly traded. The registered office is located at "Chaitanya", No. 12, Khader Nawaz Khan Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India.

The Company manufactures two wheelers, three wheelers, parts and accessories thereof. The Company has manufacturing plants located at Hosur in Tamil Nadu, Mysuru in Karnataka and Nalagarh in Himachal Pradesh.

b) Basis of preparation

The financial statements comply in all material aspects with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) notified under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended) read with Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (“the Act”), and other relevant provisions of the Act.

The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost convention under accrual basis of accounting except for certain financial assets and liabilities (as per the accounting policy below), which have been measured at fair value.

These financial statements for the year ended 31^st March 2025 have been approved and authorized for issue by the board of directors at its meeting on 28^th April 2025.

c) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and notes thereto. The management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable and prudent. However, actual results could differ from these estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in the current and future period. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgment or complexity, and of items which are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning out to be different than those originally assessed. Detailed information about each of these estimates and judgments are included in the relevant notes together with information about the basis of calculation for each affected line item in the financial statements.

d) Significant Estimates and judgments

The areas involving critical estimates or judgments are:

i) Estimation of fair value of unlisted securities - Refer Note 29

ii) Defined benefit obligation - Refer Note 33

iii) Estimation of useful life of Property, Plant and Equipment - Refer Note 1(f) and 1(g)

iv) Estimation and evaluation of provisions and contingencies relating to tax litigations - Refer Note 40(a).

e) Revenue recognition

Performance obligation: The revenue is recognized on fulfilment of performance obligation. Revenue excludes taxes or duties collected on behalf of the government.

Sale of products

The Company earns revenue primarily from sale of automotive vehicles, parts and accessories.

Payment for the sale is made as per the credit terms in the agreements with the customers. The credit period is generally short term, thus there is no significant financing component.

The Company's contracts with customers do not provide for any right to returns, refunds or similar obligations. The Company's obligation to repair or replace faulty products under standard warranty terms is recognised as a provision. (Refer Note 37)

Revenue is recognised when the performance obligations are satisfied and the control of the goods is transferred, being when the goods are delivered as per the relevant terms of the contract at which point in time the Company has a right to payment for the goods, customer has possession and legal title to the goods, customer bears significant risk and rewards of ownership and the customer has accepted the goods or the Company has objective evidence that all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

Sale of services

The Company also earns revenue from providing Technical / IT services and Royalty on usage of Company’s technical knowhow.

I n respect of Technical / IT service, the revenue is recognised on a time proportion basis as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the obligations are performed. Payment for the services provided are received as per the credit terms agreed with the customers. The credit period is generally short term, and thus there is no significant financing component.

I n respect of Royalty, the performance obligation is, to provide the right-to-use the Company's technical knowhow by the customers, for which usage-based royalty is charged. Payment for the services provided is received as per the credit terms as agreed with the customers. The credit period is generally short term, and thus there is no significant financing component.

Warranty Obligations

The Company provides warranties for products sold as per terms of the contract with ultimate customers. These warranties are considered as assurance type warranties and are accounted for under Ind AS 37- Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.

Significant judgements

There are no significant judgements made by the Company in determining the timing of satisfaction of performance obligation. It is determined as per the terms of the contract.

f) Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment (including land, building, furniture and fixtures, office equipment, vehicles, etc.) held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes. Freehold Land is carried at historical cost. All other items of Property, Plant and Equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated depreciation /amortisation, and impairment if any. Cost includes purchase price, taxes and duties, labour cost and directly attributable overheads incurred up to the date the asset is ready for its intended use net of cost reimbursed if any. However, cost excludes Goods and Services Tax to the extent credit of the tax is availed of.

Such assets are classified to the appropriate categories of property, plant and equipment when completed and ready for its intended use. Property, plant and equipment not ready for the intended use, on the date of Balance sheet, are disclosed as “Capital work-in progress”.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to Profit and Loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset.

Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised as profit or loss with in other income /expenses.

g) Depreciation and amortisation

i) Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is charged over the estimated useful life of the asset or part of the asset (after considering the required number of shifts in use) as evaluated by a Chartered Engineer, on straight line method, in accordance with Part A of Schedule II to the Companies Act 2013. The useful life of the Property, plant and equipment are reviewed annually with respect to estimates and changes if any are, being accounted for on a prospective basis.

ii) Keeping in mind the rigorous and periodic maintenance program followed by the Company, the estimated useful life of the tangible fixed assets as assessed by the Chartered Engineer and followed by the Company is given below:

iii) Tools and dies are generally depreciated based on quantity of components manufactured, subject to a maximum of 5 years. Tools and dies used for low volume models are depreciated over a period of 9 years.

iv) Residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted, if appropriate, for each reporting period.

v) On property, plant and equipment added / disposed of during the year, depreciation is charged on pro-rata basis from the date of addition / till the date of disposal.

vi) Depreciation in respect of tangible assets costing less than I 10,000/- is provided at 100%.

h) Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately and the estimated useful life is more than one year, is capitalised and carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

Internally-generated intangible assets

Expenditure on research activities is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. An internally generated intangible asset arising from development phase of internal project is recognised, if and only if, the conditions under the Ind AS 38 - Intangible Asset, are fulfilled. If the conditions are not fulfilled the same is recognised in profit and loss in the period in which it is incurred.

The intangible assets are amortised on straight line basis over its useful life, viz., 2-3 years in the case of software and 6 to 10 years in the case of Design, Development and Technical knowhow. The useful life of the Intangible assets are reviewed annually with respect to estimates and changes if any are, being accounted for on a prospective basis.

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and is recognised as profit or loss with in other income /expenses.

i) Impairment of Non-financial Assets

Assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for, the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.

j) Foreign currency translation

(i) Functional and presentation currency

I tems included in the financial statements are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates ('the functional currency'). i.e., in Indian rupee (INR) and all values are rounded off to nearest crores except otherwise indicated.

(ii) Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of transaction.

a) Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities such as cash, receivables, payables, etc., are translated at year end exchange rates.

b) Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currency such as investments, Property, Plant and Equipment, etc., are valued at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction. Non-monetary investments measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on account of such translation is recognized in OCI or Profit and Loss in line with the designation of the respective item.

c) Exchange differences arising on settlement of transactions and translation of monetary items are recognised as income or expense in the year in which they arise.

k) Hedge accounting

Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value on the date when a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. The accounting for subsequent changes in fair value depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument, and if so, the nature of the item being hedged. The Company designates certain derivatives as either:

• hedges of the fair value of recognised assets or liabilities or a firm commitment (fair value hedges)

• hedges of a particular risk associated with the cash flows of recognised assets and liabilities and highly probable forecast transactions (cash flow hedges), or

• hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation (net investment hedges).

The Company documents at the inception of the hedging transaction the relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. The Company also documents its assessment, both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, of whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been and will continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items.

The fair values of various derivative financial instruments used for hedging purposes are disclosed in Note 29. Movements in the hedging reserve in shareholders’

equity are shown in Note 30 (D). The full fair value of a hedging derivative is classified as a non-current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is more than 12 months; it is classified as a current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is less than 12 months.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognised in the other comprehensive income in cash flow hedging reserve within equity, limited to the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item on a present value basis from the inception of the hedge. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in profit and loss.

When forward contracts are used to hedge forecast transactions, the Company generally designates only the change in fair value of the forward contract related to the spot component as the hedging instrument. Gains or losses relating to the effective portion of the change in the spot component of the forward contracts are recognised in other comprehensive income in cash flow hedging reserve within equity. In some cases, the entity may designate the full change in fair value of the forward contract (including forward points) as the hedging instrument. In such cases, the gains and losses relating to the effective portion of the change in fair value of the entire forward contract are recognised in the cash flow hedging reserve within equity.

Amounts accumulated in equity are reclassified to profit and loss in the periods when the hedged item affects profit and loss (for example, when the forecast sale that is hedged takes place).

When a hedging instrument expires, or is sold or terminated, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative deferred gain or loss and deferred costs of hedging in equity at that time remains in equity until the forecast transaction occurs. When the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss and deferred costs of hedging that were reported in equity are immediately reclassified to profit and loss.

l) Inventories

I nventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

i) Cost of raw materials, components, stores and spares are ascertained on a moving average basis.

ii) Cost of finished goods and work-in-progress comprise of direct materials, direct labour and an appropriate proportion of variable and fixed overhead, the latter being allocated on the basis of normal operating capacity. Costs are assigned to individual items of inventory on the basis of

weighted average costs. Costs of purchased inventory includes cost of purchase and other cost incurred in bringing the inventories to the current location after deducting rebates and discounts. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Materials and supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down if the finished products in which they will be used are expected to be sold at or above cost.

iii) Provision for slow and Obsolete inventory:

The company has a policy for identifying slow/ nonmoving inventory. Based on the policy value inventory is provided for obsolescence based on ageing.

m) Employee benefits

i) Short term obligations

Liabilities for wages and salaries, including nonmonetary benefits that are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are recognized in respect of employees’ services upto the end of the reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as current employee benefit obligations in the balance sheet.

ii) Other long term employee benefit

The liabilities for earned leave are not expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. They are, therefore, measured at the present value of the expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employee upto the end of reporting period using the projected unit credit method. The benefits are discounted using the market yields at the end of the reporting period that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurements as a result of experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are charged to Profit and Loss account.

The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting period, regardless of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.

iii) Post-employment obligation

The Company operates the following postemployment schemes:

a) Defined benefit plans such as gratuity for its eligible employees, pension plan for its eligible senior managers; and

b) Defined contribution plans such as provident fund.

Pension and gratuity obligation

The liability or asset recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit pension and gratuity plan is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated- at the end of each reporting period by Actuaries using the projected unit credit method.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation denominated in INR is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on the Government Bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.

The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the statement of profit and loss.

Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income (net-off deferred tax). They are included in retained earnings in the statement of changes in equity and in the balance sheet.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in profit and loss as past service cost.

Provident fund

The eligible employees of the Company are entitled to receive benefits in respect of provident fund, a defined contribution plan, in which both employees and the Company make monthly contributions at a specified percentage of the covered employees’ salary. The provident fund contributions are made to an irrevocable trust set up by the Company. The Company is generally liable for annual contributions and any shortfall

in the fund assets based on the Government specified minimum rates of return and recognises such contributions and shortfall, if any, as an expense in the year in which it is incurred.

iv) Bonus plans

The Company recognises a liability and an expense for bonus. The Company recognises a provision where contractually obliged or where there is a past practice that has created a constructive obligation.

n) Taxes on income

Tax expense comprises of current and deferred taxes.

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the balance sheet method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit and or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are recognised only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are not recognised for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of investments in foreign operations where the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Current and deferred tax is recognised in profit and loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Where the Company is entitled to claim special tax deductions for investments in qualifying assets or in relation to qualifying expenditure (the Research and Development or other investment allowances), the Company accounts for such allowances as tax credits, which means that the allowance reduce income tax payable and current tax expense. A deferred tax asset is recognised for unclaimed tax credits that are carried forward as deferred tax assets.

o) Government Grants

Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and the Company will comply with all attached conditions.

Government grants receivable as compensation for expenses or financial support are recognized in profit and loss of the period in which it becomes available.

Government grants relating to the purchase of property, plant and equipment are included in current / noncurrent liabilities as deferred income and are credited to profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the expected lives of the related assets.

I n case of waiver of duty under EPCG license, such grant is considered as revenue grant and recognized in statement of profit and loss on positive evidence of completion of export obligation as approved by the Regulatory Authorities.

The benefit of a government loan at a below market-rate of interest is treated as government grant and is measured as the difference between proceeds received and fair value of the loan.

p) Dividends

Dividends are recognised in profit and loss only when the right to receive payment is established, it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Company, and the amount of dividend can be reliably measured.

q) Provisions and contingent liabilities

i) Provision

A provision is recorded when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The estimated liability for product warranties is recorded when products are sold based on technical evaluation.

Provisions are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expenses.

ii) Contingent liabilities

Wherever there is a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity or a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because (a) it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or (b) the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability, are considered as contingent liabilities. Show cause notices are not considered as Contingent Liabilities unless converted into demand.

iii) Warranty

Provision is made for estimated warranty claims in respect of vehicles sold which are still under warranty at the end of the reporting period. These claims are expected to be settled from the next financial year. Management estimates the provision based on historical warranty claim information; and any recent trends that may suggest future claims could differ from historic and the dues which are payable within 12 Months is classified as current and others are non-current.

r) Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner

consistent with the internal reporting provided to the

Chief Operating Decision Maker.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) examines Risks and Rewards of the entity’s performance and allocates the resources aligning with the Company’s strategy.

The Company identified operations from which significant risks and rewards are derived in two verticals viz (a) Automotive Vehicles & Parts and related investments and (b) Investment held in Financial services.

Profit /Loss of the Financial services vertical represents dividend, interest, profit / (Loss) on fair valuation / sale of investments.

The Investments of the Company in TVS Credit Services Limited and TVS Motor Services Limited and other nonstrategic companies categorized as Financial services.

s) Leases

Leases are recognised as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability at the date at which the leased asset is available for use by the Company. Contracts may contain both lease and non-lease components. The Company allocates the consideration in the contract to the lease and non-lease components based on their relative stand-alone prices. However, for leases of buildings, for which the Company is a lessee, it has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead accounts for these as a single lease component.

Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis. Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:

• fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable

• variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date

• amounts expected to be payable by the Company under residual value guarantees

• the exercise price of a purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option, and

• payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising that option

• payments to be made under reasonably certain extension options are also included in the measurement of the liability.

• The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be readily determined, which is generally the case for leases in the Company, the company’s incremental borrowing rate is used, being the

rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment with similar terms, security and conditions.

To determine the incremental borrowing rate, the Company:

• where possible, uses recent third-party financing received by the Company as a starting point, adjusted to reflect changes in financing conditions since third party financing was received

• uses a build-up approach that starts with a risk-free interest rate adjusted for credit risk for leases held by the Company which does not have recent third party financing, and

• makes adjustments specific to the lease, e.g. term, country, currency and security.

The Company is exposed to potential future increases in variable lease payments based on an index or rate, which are not included in the lease liability until they take effect. When adjustments to lease payments based on an index or rate take effect, the lease liability is reassessed and adjusted against the right-of-use asset.

Lease payments are allocated between principal and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit and loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the lease liability for each period. The carrying amount of lease liability is reduced by net lease payments (i.e. lease payments net off finance cost).

Variable lease payments that depend on sales are recognised in profit and loss in the period in which the condition that triggers those payments occurs.

Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:

• the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability

• any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received

• any initial direct costs, and

• restoration costs.

Right-of-use assets are generally depreciated over the shorter of the asset's useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis. If the Company is reasonably certain to exercise a purchase option, the right-of-use asset is depreciated over the underlying asset’s useful life.

Payments associated with short-term leases of equipment and all leases of low-value assets are recognised on a straight-line basis as an expense in profit and loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. Low-value assets comprise IT equipment and small items of office furniture.

t) Cash and Cash equivalents

For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in the balance sheet.

u) Trade receivables

Trade receivables are measured at their transaction price on initial recognition, unless it contains a significant financing component or pricing adjustments embedded in the contract in which cases, it is recognised at fair value. Trade receivables are held with the objective of collecting the contractual cash flows and therefore are subsequently measured at amortised cost less allowance for expected credit loss.

v) Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods to a customer for which the Company has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the consideration is received. Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.

w) Investments and Other financial assets

i) Classification

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories:

• Those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive Income (FVTOCI), or Fair Value Through Profit or Loss (FVTPL)), and

• Those measured at amortized cost.

The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flow.

ii) Measurement

At Initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus transaction cost (in the case of a financial asset not at FVTPL) that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit and loss.

Where the Company elects to measure fair value through profit or loss, changes in the fair value of such financial assets are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

Investment in subsidiaries / associates

Investment in subsidiaries / associates are measured at cost less provision for impairment.

iii) Impairment of financial assets

The company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVTOCI debt instruments. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been significant increase in credit risk. Note 30 details how the company determines whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.

For trade receivables, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected credit losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.

iv) Derecognition of financial assets

A financial asset is derecognised only when:

a) t he Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or

b) the Company retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.

Where the entity has transferred a financial asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.

Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognized, if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. Where the company retains control of the financial asset, the asset is continued to be recognised to the extent of continuing involvement in the financial asset.

Interest Income

Interest income from debt instruments is recognised using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the rate that

exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the gross carrying value of a financial asset. While calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimates the expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options), but does not consider the expected credit losses.

x) Financial Liabilities

Financial liabilities that are not held-for-trading and are not designated as at FVTPL are measured at amortised cost at the end of subsequent accounting periods. The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of costs of an asset is included under ‘Finance costs’.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability.

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

The Company derecognizes financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired.

Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit and loss.

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

y) Borrowing costs

General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying

assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale. Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

z) Current and Non-current classification

The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current / non-current classification.

Cash or cash equivalent is treated as current, unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

In respect of other assets, it is treated as current when it is:

• expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in the normal operating cycle

• held primarily for the purpose of trading

• expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is treated as current when:

• it is expected to be settled in the normal operating cycle

• it is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• there is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other liabilities are classified as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent assets and liabilities.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.