2.1 Summary of significant accounting policies
a) Current versus non-current classification
An asset is treated as current when it is:
(i) Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or
consumed in normal operating cycle; or
(ii) Held primarily for the purpose of trading; or
(iii) Expected to be realized within twelve months
after the reporting period; or
(iv) Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from
being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at
least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is treated as current when it is:
(i) Expected to be settled in normal operating cycle; or
(ii) Held primarily for the purpose of trading; or
(iii) Due to be settled within twelve months after the
reporting period; or
(iv) There is no unconditional right to defer the
settlement of the liability for at least twelve
months after the reporting period.
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition
of assets for processing and their realization in cash and
cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve
months as its operating cycle.
b) Foreign currencies
The Company financial statements are presented in
Indian Rupees ('?'). The Company determines the
functional currency and items included in the financial
statements are measured using that functional currency.
Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded
by the Company at their respective functional currency
spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for
recognition.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign
currencies are translated at the functional currency spot
rates of exchange at the reporting date.
Exchange differences arising on settlement or translation
of monetary items are recognised in profit or loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of
historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using
the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.
Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign
currency are translated using the exchange rates at the
date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss
arising on translation of non-monetary items measured
at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of
the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item
(i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value
gain or loss is recognised in OCI or profit or loss are also
recognised in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).
In determining the spot exchange rate to use on
initial recognition of the related asset, expense or
income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non¬
monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to
advance consideration, the date of the transaction is
the date on which the Company initially recognises
the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability
arising from the advance consideration. If there are
multiple payments or receipts in advance, the Company
determines the transaction date for each payment or
receipt of advance consideration.
c) Fair value measurement
The Company measures financial instruments, such as,
derivatives at fair value at each balance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell
an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the
measurement date. The fair value measurement is
based on the presumption that the transaction to sell
the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
? In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
? I n the absence of a principal market, in the most
advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be
accessible by the Company.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using
the assumptions that market participants would use
when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market
participants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes
into account a market participant's ability to generate
economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and
best use or by selling it to another market participant
that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are
appropriate in the circumstances and for which
sufficient data are available to measure fair value,
maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and
minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured
or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised
within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows,
based on the lowest level input that is significant to the
fair value measurement as a whole:
? Level 1 — Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in
active markets for identical assets or liabilities
? Level 2 — Valuation techniques for which the
lowest level input that is significant to the fair value
measurement is directly or indirectly observable
? Level 3 — Valuation techniques for which the
lowest level input that is significant to the fair
value measurement is unobservable
For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the
financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company
determines whether transfers have occurred between
levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation
(based on the lowest level input that is significant to the
fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each
reporting period.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company
has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the
basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset
or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as
explained above.
Fair-value related disclosures for financial instruments
and non-financial assets that are measured at fair value
are disclosed in the relevant notes.
d) Revenue from contract with customer
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised
when control of the goods or services are transferred to
the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration
to which the Company expects to be entitled in
exchange for those goods or services. The Company has
generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue
arrangements, because it typically controls the goods or
services before transferring them to the customer.
Sale of products/ Service
Revenue from sale of products is recognised at the
point in time when control of the asset is transferred
to the customer. Amounts disclosed as revenue are net
of returns and allowances, trade discounts and rebates.
The Company collects Goods & Service Tax (GST) on
behalf of the government and therefore, these are not
economic benefits flowing to the Company. Hence,
these are excluded from the revenue.
Variable consideration includes trade discounts, volume
rebates and incentives, etc. The Company estimates the
variable consideration with respect to above based on
an analysis of accumulated historical experience. The
Company adjusts estimate of revenue at the earlier
of when the most likely amount of consideration we
expect to receive changes or when the consideration
becomes fixed.
Interest Income
Other revenue streams Interest Income For all debt
instruments measured at amortised cost, interest
income is recorded using the Effective Interest Rate
(EIR). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated
future cash receipts over the expected life of the financial
instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to
the gross carrying amount of the financial asset. When
calculating the effective interest rate, the Company
estimates the expected cash flows by considering
all the contractual terms of the financial instrument
(for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar
options) but does not consider the expected credit
losses. Interest income is included in "other income" in
the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Interest income on fixed deposits is recognised on a
time proportion basis taking into account the amount
outstanding and the applicable interest rate. Interest
income is included under the head "other income" in the
Statement of Profit and Loss.
Dividend income
Dividend on financial assets is recognised when the
Company's right to receive the dividends is established,
it is probable that the economic benefits associated
with the dividend will flow to the entity, the dividend
does not represent a recovery of part of cost of the
investment and the amount of dividend can be
measured reliably.
Contract balances
Contract assets
A contract asset is initially recognised for revenue
earned from sale of goods or services. Upon acceptance
by the customer, the amount recognised as contract
assets is reclassified to trade receivables.
Contract assets are subject to impairment assessment.
Refer to accounting policies on impairment of financial
assets in section - Financial instruments - initial
recognition and subsequent measurement.
Trade receivables
A trade receivable is recognised if the amount of
consideration is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of
time is required before payment of the consideration is
due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in
section - Financial instruments - initial recognition and
subsequent measurement.
Contract liabilities
A contract liability is recognised if a payment is received
or a payment is due (whichever is earlier) from a
customer before the Company transfers the related
goods or services. Contract liabilities are recognised
as revenue when the Company performs under the
contract (i.e., transfers control of the related goods or
services to the customer).
e) Taxes
Current Tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured
at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid
to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws
used to compute the amount are those that are enacted
or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in the
countries where the Company operates and generates
taxable income.
Current income tax relating to items recognised
outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss
(either in other comprehensive income or in equity).
Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the
underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Management periodically evaluates positions taken
in the tax returns with respect to situations in which
applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation
and considers whether it is probable that a taxation
authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The
Company shall reflect the effect of uncertainty for each
uncertain tax treatment by using either most likely
method or expected value method, depending on which
method predicts better resolution of the treatment.
Deferred Tax
Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet
approach on temporary differences between the tax
bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts
in the financial statements at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible
temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax
credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are
recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable
profit will be available against which the deductible
temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused
tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed
at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it
is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be
available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be
utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed
at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent
that it has become probable that future taxable profits
will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the
tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when
the asset is realised, or the liability is settled, based
on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or
substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit
or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either in
other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax
items are recognised in correlation to the underlying
transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
The Company offsets deferred tax assets and deferred
tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable
right to set off current tax assets and current tax
liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax
liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same
taxation authority.
f) Property, plant and equipment (PPE)
Capital work in progress is stated at cost, net of
accumulated impairment loss, if any. Plant and equipment
are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and
accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes
the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment
and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects
if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts
of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at
intervals, the Company depreciates them separately
based on their specific useful life. Likewise, when a
major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in
the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a
replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All
other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in
profit or loss as incurred.
Depreciation is calculated on a Straight-Line Method
(SLM) over the estimated useful life of assets. The
estimated useful life of assets like Computers taken as 2.5
years and Office Equipment's taken as 10 years.
The Company has based on a technical review and re¬
assessment by the management, decided to adopt
the existing useful life for certain asset blocks which
is different as against the useful life recommended
in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013, since the
Company believes that the estimates followed are
reasonable and appropriate, considered current usage of
such assets.
An item of property, plant and equipment and any
significant part initially recognised is derecognised
upon disposal or when no future economic benefits
are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss
arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the
difference between the net disposal proceeds and the
carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement
of profit and loss when the asset is derecognised.
The residual values, useful life and methods of
depreciation of property, plant and equipment are
reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted
prospectively, if appropriate.
g) Intangible Assets
I ntangible assets acquired separately are measured on
initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition,
intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated
amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
Intangible assets with finite life are amortised over
the useful economic life and assessed for impairment
whenever there is an indication that the intangible
asset may be impaired. The amortisation period and
the amortisation method for an intangible asset with
a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end
of each reporting period. Changes in the expected
useful life or the expected pattern of consumption
of future economic benefits embodied in the asset
are considered to modify the amortisation period or
method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in
accounting estimates. The amortisation expense on
intangible assets with finite life is recognised in the
statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure
forms part of carrying value of another asset.
An intangible asset is derecognised upon disposal (i.e.,
at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no
future economic benefits are expected from its use or
disposal. Any gain or loss arising upon derecognition of
the asset (calculated as the difference between the net
disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset)
is included in the statement of profit and loss when the
asset is derecognised.
Software
Cost of software is amortised over its useful life
of 36 months starting from the month of project
implementation. Gains or losses arising from
derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as
the difference between the net disposal proceeds and
the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised
in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the asset is
derecognised.
h) Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition,
construction or production of an asset that necessarily
takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its
intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost
of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed
in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs
consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs
in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing
cost also includes exchange differences to the extent
regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
i) Leases
The Company assesses at contract inception whether a
contract is, or contains, a lease. That is, if the contract
conveys the right to control the use of an identified
asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Company as a lessee
The Company applies a single recognition and
measurement approach for all leases, except for short¬
term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company
recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and
right-of-use assets representing the right to use the
underlying assets.
i) Right-of-use assets
The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the
commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the
underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use
assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated
depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted
for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The
cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount
of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs
incurred, and lease payments made at or before
the commencement date less any lease incentives
received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on
a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease
term and the estimated useful life of the assets.
If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the
Company at the end of the lease term or the
cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option,
depreciation is calculated using the estimated
useful life of the asset.
The right-of-use assets are also subject to
impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in
section "Impairment of non-financial assets".
ii) Lease Liabilities
At the commencement date of the lease, the
Company recognises lease liabilities measured at
the present value of lease payments to be made
over the lease term. The lease payments include
fixed payments (including in substance fixed
payments) less any lease incentives receivable,
variable lease payments that depend on an index
or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under
residual value guarantees. The lease payments also
include the exercise price of a purchase option
reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company
and payments of penalties for terminating the lease,
if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the
option to terminate. Variable lease payments that
do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised
as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce
inventories) in the period in which the event or
condition that triggers the payment occurs. In
calculating the present value of lease payments, the
Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the
lease commencement date because the interest
rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable.
After the commencement date, the amount of lease
liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of
interest and reduced for the lease payments made.
In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities
is remeasured if there is a modification, a change
in the lease term, a change in the lease payments
(e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a
change in an index or rate used to determine such
lease payments) or a change in the assessment of
an option to purchase the underlying asset.
iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value
assets
The Company applies the short-term lease
recognition exemption to its short-term leases of
guest house. (i.e., those leases that have a lease
term of12 months or less from the commencement
date and do not contain a purchase option). It also
applies the lease of low-value assets recognition
exemption to leases of guest house that are
considered to be low value. Lease payments on
short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis
over the lease term.
Company as a lessor
Leases in which the Company does not transfer
substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of
an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income
from operating lease is recognised on a straight-line
basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct
costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating
lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased
asset and recognised over the lease term on the same
basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised
as revenue in the period in which they are earned.
j) Inventories
Inventories are stated at lower of cost and net realisable
value.
Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present
location and condition are accounted for as follows:
> Raw materials: cost includes cost of purchase and
other costs incurred in bringing the inventories
to their present location and condition. Cost is
determined on weighted average basis.
> Finished goods and work in progress: cost
includes cost of direct materials and labour and
a proportion of manufacturing overheads (to
the extent apportioned based on the stage of
completion) based on the normal operating
capacity but excluding borrowing costs. Cost is
determined on weighted average basis.
> Traded goods: cost includes cost of purchase and
other costs incurred in bringing the inventories
to their present location and condition. Cost is
determined on FIFO basis.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the
ordinary course of business less the estimated costs
necessary to make the sale.
k) Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses at each reporting date, whether
there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any
indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for
an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset's
recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is
the higher of an asset's or Cash-Generating Unit's (CGU)
net selling price and its value in use. The recoverable
amount is determined for an individual asset, unless
the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely
independent of those from other assets or groups of
assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU
exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered
impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
I n assessing value in use, the estimated future cash
flows are discounted to their present value using a
pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market
assessments of the time value of money and the risks
specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs
of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into
account. If no such transactions can be identified, an
appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations
are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share
prices for publicly traded companies or other available
fair value indicators.
Impairment losses, including impairment on
inventories, are recognised in the Statement of Profit
and Loss, except for properties previously revalued with
the revaluation surplus, if any, taken to OCI. For such
properties, the impairment is recognised in OCI up to
the amount of any previous revaluation surplus.
The impairment assessment for all assets is made at
each reporting date to determine whether there is an
indication that previously recognised impairment losses
no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication
exists, the Company estimates the asset's or CGU's
recoverable amount. A previously recognised impairment
loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the
assumptions used to determine the asset's recoverable
amount since the last impairment loss was recognised.
The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of
the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor
exceed the carrying amount that would have been
determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss
been recognised for the asset in prior years. Such reversal
is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
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