2. SUMMARY OF MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
2.1 Basis of preparation & presentation and statement of compliance
These standalone financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) prescribed under the Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended.
These financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for certain financial assets and liabilities which have been measured at fair value.
Accounting policies have been consistently applied
except where a newly issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.
The standalone financial statements are presented in INR and all values are rounded to the nearest Crores in two digits, except where otherwise indicated.
2.2 Use of estimates and judgements
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the management of the Company to make estimates, judgements and assumptions. These estimates, judgements and assumptions affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements
and the reported amounts of income and expense for the periods presented.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised.
Key sources of estimation of uncertainty at the date of the financial statements, which may cause a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, is in respect of impairment of investments, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, provisions and contingent liabilities and fair value measurement of financial instruments. Key source of estimation of uncertainty in respect of employee benefits and measurement of deferred tax assets have been discussed in their respective policies.
:.3 Critical accounting estimates
i) Property, plant and equipment:
Property, plant and equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset's expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of Company's assets are determined by management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology. The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.10.
ii) Impairment of Investments
The Company reviews it carrying value of investments in associate and joint ventures carried at cost annually, or more frequently when there is indication for impairment. If the recoverable amount is less than it carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for.
iii) Provisions
Provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources will
be required to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. These are reviewed at each balance sheet date adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.13.
iv) Fair value measurement of financial instruments
When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuation techniques including the Discounted Cash Flow model. The inputs to these models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgement is required in establishing fair values. Judgements include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk and volatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments. The policy has been further explained under note 2.15, 2.16 and 2.17.
2.4 Current and non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in
the balance sheet based on current/ non-current
classification. An asset is treated as current when it is:
• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading
• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current. A liability
is treated as current when it is:
• Expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading
• Due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets or liabilities.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition
of assets for processing and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified twelve months as its operating cycle.
2.5 Revenue recognition
Sale of goods
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized at point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, usually on delivery of the goods, customer acceptance and other indicators of transfer of control of goods to the customer. Revenue from sale of goods is measured at an amount that reflects the consideration ("transaction price") expected to be received in exchange for those goods.
Interest income
Interest income from a financial asset is recognized when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Dividends
Revenue is recognized when the Company's right to
receive the dividend is established, which is generally when shareholders approve the dividend.
2.6 Foreign Currencies
The Functional Currency of the company is in the
Indian rupee. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the transaction. Realized gains and losses as well as exchange differences arising on translation (at year end exchange rates) of monetary assets and
monetary liabilities outstanding at the end of the year are recognised in the statement of Profit and Loss.
Non -monetary assets and liabilities that all are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies are not retranslated.
2.7 Employee Benefits
2.7.1 Defined contribution plans
(a) Provident Fund
The Company pays provident fund
contributions to publicly administered provident funds as per local regulations. The Company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are accounted for as defined contribution plans and the contributions are recognized as employee benefit expense when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or reduction in the future payments is available.
(b) Superannuation:
Superannuation fund, which is defined
contribution schemes, are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss on accrual basis. The Company has no further obligations for future superannuation fund benefits other than its annual contributions.
(c) Employees state insurance scheme (ESIC):
The company pays ESIC contribution to Employee State Insurance Corporation of India as per ESIC Act 1948. The Company has no further obligations other than its monthly contributions.
2.7.2 Defined benefits plans (Gratuity)
For defined benefit retirement plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the
projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period. Re-measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net
interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurement recognized in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Past service cost is recognized in profit or loss in the period of a plan amendment. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or surplus in the Company's defined benefit plans. Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plans or reductions in future contributions to the plans. A liability for a termination benefit is recognized at the earlier of when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination benefit and when the entity recognizes any related restructuring costs.
2.7.3 Compensated absences:
The Company provides for the compensated absences subject to Company's certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate leave subject to certain limits, for future encashment or availment. The liability is provided based on the number of days of un-availed leave at each Balance Sheet date on the basis of an independent actuarial valuation using the Projected Unit Credit method. The liability which is not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised based on actuarial valuation as at the Balance Sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they occur.
2.8 Leases:
The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
Company as a lessee
The Company applies a single recognition and measurement approach for all leases, except for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets. The Company recognises lease liabilities to make lease payments and right-of-use assets representing the right to use the underlying assets.
i) Right-of-use assets
The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any re-measurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets.
If ownership of the leased asset transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term or the cost reflects the exercise of a purchase option, depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful life of the asset.
The right-of-use assets are also subject to impairment. Refer to the accounting policies in section (2.19) Impairment of assets.
ii) Lease Liabilities
At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognises lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments
of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the
option to terminate. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognised as expenses (unless they are incurred to produce inventories) in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.
In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the lease payments (e.g., changes to future payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine such lease payments) or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.
iii) Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets
The Company applies the short-term lease recognition exemption to its short-term leases (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It also applies the lease of low-value assets recognition exemption to leases that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognised as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Company as a lessor
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognised over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognised as revenue in the period in which they are earned.
2.9 Income Taxes Current Tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in India where it generates taxable income, Current income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss (either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Deferred Taxes
Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
For operations carried out under tax holiday period (80IA benefits of Income Tax Act, 1961), deferred tax
assets or liabilities, if any, have been established for the tax consequences of those temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases that reverse after the tax holiday ends.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the relevant entity intends to settle its
current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternative
Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which is likely to give future economic benefits
in the form of availability of set off against future income tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognized
as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably, and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realized.
.10 Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes purchase
price and any directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use and for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company's accounting policy. Depreciation commences when the assets are ready for their intended use. Freehold land and Assets held for sale are not depreciated.
Depreciation is provided for property, plant and equipment so as to expense the cost less residual value over their estimated useful lives based on a technical evaluation. The estimated useful lives and residual value are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any change in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.
Depreciation is not recorded on capital work-inprogress until construction and installation is complete and the asset is ready for its intended use.
The amortization policy applied to the Company's intangible assets to the extent of depreciable amount is, as follows:
2.11 Intangible Assets
Intangible assets acquired separately are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalised development costs,
are not capitalised and the related expenditure is reflected in the statement of profit or loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred.
Intangible assets are amortised over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets is recognized in the statement of profit and loss unless such expenditure forms part of carrying value of another asset.
Gains or losses arising from de-recognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.
2.12 Inventories
I nventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of inventories is determined on weighted average. Cost for this purpose includes cost of direct materials, direct labour, appropriate share of overheads. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less all estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Obsolete, defective, unserviceable and slow /
non-moving stocks are duly provided for and valued at net realisable value.
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