1. Corporate Information

International Conveyors Limited ("ICL" or "the Company") is a Public Limited Company incorporated and domiciled in India. The registered office of the Company is situated at Falta SEZ, Sector-II, near Pump House No. 3, Village & Mouza - Akalmegh, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal - 743504.

The Company's shares are listed on BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited.

Its business consists of:

(a) Manufacturing and trading of Conveyor Belting,

(b) Trading of Ply Conveyor Belting, Steel Cord Conveyor Belting and fitting and accessories,

(c) Generation and Sale of Power, and

(d) Investment Activity.

The financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2024 was approved for issue by the Board of Directors of the Company on May 17, 2024 and is subjected to the adoption by the shareholders in the ensuing Annual General Meeting.

2A. Material accounting policies

2.1 Statement of Compliance with Ind AS

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) specified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 ('the Act'). The financial statements have also been prepared in accordance with the relevant presentation requirements of the Act.

2.2 Basis of preparation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Ind AS under the historical cost basis except for the following:

i) Certain financial assets and financial liabilities (including derivative instruments) - measured at fair value, and

ii) Defined benefits plan - plan assets measured at fair value.

Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration in exchange for goods and services.

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in Schedule III to the Act.

The Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current and non-current classification of assets and liabilities.

The Balance Sheet, the Statement of Profit and Loss and the Statement of Changes in Equity are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in the Division II to the Schedule III to the Act. The Statement of Cash Flows has been prepared and presented in accordance with Ind AS 7 "Statement of Cash Flows". The disclosures with respect to items in the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss, as prescribed in the Schedule III to the Act, are presented by way of notes forming part of the financial statements along with the other notes required to be disclosed under the notified Accounting Standards and the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 as amended.

The financial statements including notes thereon are presented in Indian Rupees ("Rupees" or "Rs."), which is the Company's functional and presentation currency. All amounts disclosed in the financial statements including notes thereon have been rounded off to the nearest lakh upto 2 decimals as per the requirement of Schedule III to the Act, unless stated otherwise. Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly issued Indian Accounting Standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing Indian Accounting Standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

2.3 Property, plant and equipment (PPE), depreciation and amortization

a) All Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition with subsequent improvements thereto. For this purpose, cost includes deemed cost on the date of transition. Cost of acquisition includes taxes, duties, inward freight and installation expenses.

Expenditure incurred on improvements/ modifications of PPE that increases the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance, e.g., increase in capacity / efficiency, are capitalized.

b) Depreciation is provided on written down value method as per Schedule II of the Act based on the useful life of the assets. In case of certain items of Plant and Equipments where useful life ranging from 10 to 30 years have been considered based on technical assessment, which is different from the useful life prescribed under Schedule II of the Act. However, assets costing ' 5,000/- or less are depreciated fully in the year of addition.

The management believes that these estimated useful lives are realistic and reflect a fair approximation of the period over which the assets are likely to be used.

Additions on account of improvements/ modifications, which becomes an integral part of the existing asset and either do not have separate identity and/or are not capable of being used after the existing asset is disposed off, are depreciated over the remaining useful life of the assets (improved /modified) they are attached with.

c) Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are stated at cost (includes deemed cost on the date of transition) of acquisition less accumulated amortization. Computer software packages are amortized over a period of five year on straight line basis.

2.4 Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized in the Balance sheet when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. The Company determines the classification of its financial assets and financial liabilities at initial recognition based on its nature and characteristics.

(a) Financial assets

(i) Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Company has applied the practical expedient are measured at the transaction price determined under Ind AS 115. The financial assets include equity and debt securities, trade and other receivables, loans and advances, cash and bank balances and derivative financial instruments.

(ii) Subsequent measurement

For the purpose of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in the following categories:

1) At amortized cost,

2) At fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI), and

3) At fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).

Debt instruments at amortized cost

A 'debt instrument' is measured at the amortized cost if both the following conditions are met:

1) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset for collecting contractual cash flows, and

2) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR.

Equity investments

All equity investments in the scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value except in case of investment in subsidiary carried at deemed cost and associate carried at cost. Deemed cost is the carrying amount under the previous GAAP as at the transition date i.e. April 1, 2016.

Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category, if any, are measured at fair value with all changes recognized in profit or loss. The Company may make an irrevocable election to present in OCI subsequent changes in the fair value. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

When the fair value has been determined based on level 3 inputs, the difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price is deferred and after initial recognition deferred difference is recognized as gain or loss to the extent it arises from change in input to valuation technique.

If the Company decides to classify an equity instrument at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to profit or loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

(iii) De-recognition

The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expires or it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset.

(b) Financial liabilities

(i) Initial recognition and measurement

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of financial liabilities classified at amortized cost, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The financial liabilities include trade and other payables, borrowings including bank overdrafts, derivative financial instruments, etc.

(ii) Subsequent measurement

For the purpose of subsequent measurement, Financial liabilities are classified in two categories:

1) Financial liabilities at amortized cost, and

2) Derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).

Financial liabilities at amortized cost

After initial recognition, financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process.

Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(iii) De-recognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires.

(c) Derivative financial instruments

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

A derivative financial instrument, such as forward currency contracts and interest rate swaps are used to hedge foreign currency risks and interest rate risks respectively and includes options. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value.

Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss. When the fair value has been determined based on level 3 inputs, the difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price is deferred and after initial recognition deferred difference is recognized as gain or loss to the extent it arises from change in input to valuation technique.

(d) Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities including derivative instruments are offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance sheet, if there is currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

(e) Share capital

An equity instrument is a contract that evidences residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new equity shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

(f) Fair value measurement

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Under Ind AS, fair valuation of financial instruments is guided by Ind AS 113 "Fair Value Measurement".

For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. However, the objective of a fair value measurement in both cases is the same to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e. an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).

Three widely used valuation techniques specified in the said Ind AS are the market approach, the cost approach and the income approach which have been dealt with separately in the said Ind AS.

Each of the valuation techniques stated as above proceeds on different fundamental assumptions, which have greater or lesser relevance, and at times there is no relevance of a particular methodology to a given situation. Thus, the methods to be adopted for a particular purpose must be judiciously chosen. The application of any particular method of valuation depends on the company being evaluated, the nature of industry in which it operates, the company's intrinsic strengths and the purpose for which the valuation is made.

In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date.

The Company uses the following hierarchy for determining and disclosing the fair value of financial instruments by valuation technique:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Inputs for the assets or liabilities that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

2.5 Inventories

Inventories are valued at lower of the cost and net realizable value. The cost in respect of raw materials and stores and spares is determined on FIFO basis and in respect of finished goods and stock in process is determined on average basis. Cost of raw materials and stores and spares include the taxes and duties other than those recoverable from taxing authorities and expenses incidental to the procurement of the same. Cost in case of stock-in-process and finished goods represent prime cost and appropriate portion of overheads.

2.6 Impairments of Assets

(a) Non- financial assets

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date for impairment. In case events and circumstances indicate any impairment, recoverable amounts of fixed assets is determined. An impairment loss is recognized, whenever the carrying amount of assets belonging to the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) exceeds recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of assets net selling price or its value in use. In assessing the value in use, the estimated future cash flows from the use of assets are discounted to their present value as appropriate. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been change in the recoverable amount and such loss either no longer exists or has decreased. Impairment loss/reversal thereof is adjusted to the carrying value of the respective assets, which in case of CGU, are allocated to its assets on a prorate basis.

(b) Financial assets

The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets which are not fair valued through profit or loss.

ECL impairment loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income or expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss. This amount is reflected under the head "Other expenses" in the profit or loss. ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e. as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the Balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying amount.

Until the asset meets write-off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross carrying amount.

2.7 Foreign Currency Transaction

Transactions in Foreign Currencies are accounted for at the exchange rate prevailing as on the date of the transaction. Foreign Currency monetary assets and liabilities at the year end are translated using closing rates whereas non monetary assets are translated at the rate on the date of transaction. The loss or gain thereon and also on the exchange differences on settlement of the foreign currency transaction during the year are recognized as revenue or expenses in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.8 Revenue Recognition

a) Revenue from Operations:

Revenue is measured at fair value of the consideration received/receivable taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duties collected on behalf of the Government.

Revenue is measured based on the transaction price adjusted for discounts and rebates and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties.

Revenue from sale of goods is recognised at point in time when control is transferred to the customer and it is probable that consideration will be collected. Control of goods is transferred upon the shipment of the goods to the customer or when goods is made available to the customer.

The transaction price is documented on the sales invoice or contract and payment is generally due as per agreed credit terms with customer.

The consideration is generally fixed. Variable consideration, if any is recognised when it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur.

b) Sale of Electricity

Sale of Electricity is accounted for on delivery of Electricity to grid in terms of agreement with the Electricity Board. Other Income:

a) Interest income

For all debt instruments measured at amortized cost, interest income is recognized using the effective interest rate (EIR). Interest income is included in "Other income" in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

b) Insurance and other claims are accounted for as and when admitted or realized.

c) Dividend is recognized when the right to receive is established.

d) All other income are accounted for on accrual basis.

2.9 Expenses

All expenses are accounted for on accrual basis.

Expenses under primary heads such as salary, wages, consumption of stores etc., are being shown under respective heads and have not been functionally reclassified.

2.10 Employee Benefits

Short term employee benefits are recognized as an expense at the undiscounted amount in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the year in which the related service is rendered.

The Company has Defined Contribution Plan for its employees retirement benefits comprising of Provident Fund and Pension Fund. The Company makes regular contribution to Provident Fund, which are fully funded and administered by the Government. Contributions are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss on accrual basis.

The Company has Defined Benefit Plan comprising of Gratuity. The Company's net obligation in respect of an approved gratuity plan is calculated using the projected unit credit method and the same is carried out by qualified actuary. The Company contributes to the Gratuity Fund under the Group Gratuity Cash Accumulation Scheme with Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) for future payment of gratuity liability to its employees.

The current service cost and interest on the net defined benefit liability / (asset) is recognized in the statement of profit and loss. Past service cost are immediately recognized in the statement of profit and loss. Actuarial gains and losses net of deferred taxes arising from experience adjustment and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise.

The Company's current policy permits eligible employees to accumulate compensated absences up to a prescribed limit and receive cash in lieu thereof in accordance with the terms of the policy. The Company measures the expected cost of accumulating compensated absences as the additional amount that the Company expects to pay as a result of unused entitlement that has accumulated as at the reporting date. The expected cost of these benefits is calculated using the projected unit credit method by qualified actuary every year. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustment and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which they arise. The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting period, regardless of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.

2.11 Government Grants

Government Grants are recognized at fair value when there is reasonable assurance that the grant would be received and the Company would comply with all the conditions attached with them.

Government grants related to asset are recognized as deferred income and charged to statement of profit and loss on a systematic basis over expected useful life of the related asset. Government grants of revenue in nature are recognised on a systematic basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the period necessary to match them with the related costs and are adjusted with the related expenditure. If not related to a specific expenditure, it is considered income and included under "Other operating revenue" or "Other income".

2.12 Borrowing Cost

Borrowing Cost that are directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of a qualifying asset are capitalized as part of the cost of such asset till such time that is required to complete and prepare the asset to get ready for its intended use.

All other borrowing cost are charged to the statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they are incurred.

2.13 Taxes

Income tax expense comprises current tax and deferred tax and is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent it relates to items directly recognized in Equity or in OCI.

a) Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities using the tax rates and tax laws that are enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and applicable for the period.

Current tax items in correlation to the underlying transaction relating to OCI and Equity are recognized in OCI and in Equity respectively.

Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

The Company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis or to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

b) Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is recognized using the balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount in financial statements, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profits or loss at the time of the transaction.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax assets to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each balance sheet date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off deferred tax assets against deferred tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

2.14 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Contingent liability :

A possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or; present obligation that arises from past events where it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability are disclosed as contingent liability and not provided for.

Contingent assets :

A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company. Contingent assets are not recognised and disclosed only when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

Provisions :

A provision is recognized when as a result of a past event, the Company has a present obligation whether legal or constructive that can be estimated reliably and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. If the obligation is expected to be settled more than 12 months after the end of reporting date or has no definite settlement date, the provision is recorded as non-current liabilities after giving effect for time value of money, if material. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

2.15 Earnings per share

(a) Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing the net profit/(loss) after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.

(b) Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing the net profit/(loss) after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and also the weighted average number of equity shares which could be issued on the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined as at the end of each period presented. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

2.16 Operating Segment

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM).

The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Managing Director who makes strategic decisions.

The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in line with the accounting policies adopted for preparing and presenting the Financial Statements of the Company as a whole. In addition, the following specific accounting policies have been followed for segment reporting:

a) Segment revenue includes sales and other income directly identifiable with/allocable to the segment including inter segment transfers.

Inter segment transfers are accounted for based on the transaction price agreed to between the segments which is at cost in case of transfer of Company's intermediate and final products and estimated realizable value in case of byproducts.

b) Revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities are identified to segments on the basis of their relationship to the operating activities of the segment. Revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities which relate to the Company as a whole and are not allocable to segments on direct and/or on a reasonable basis, have been disclosed as "Unallocable".

2.17 Leases

Assets taken on lease are accounted as right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liability is recognised at the lease commencement date.

Initially the right-of-use asset is measured at cost which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, as reduced by any lease incentives received.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or a rate, or a change in the estimate of the guaranteed residual value, or a change in the assessment of purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the

right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The right-of-use asset is measured by applying cost model i.e. right-of-use asset at cost less accumulated depreciation and cumulative impairment, if any. The right-of-use asset is depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term or useful life of the underlying asset whichever is earlier. Carrying amount of lease liability is increased by interest on lease liability and reduced by lease payments made.

Lease payments associated with following leases are recognised as expense on straight-line basis:

(i) Low value leases; and

(ii) Leases which are short-term.

Assets given on lease are classified either as operating lease or as finance lease. A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset. Asset held under finance lease is initially recognised in balance sheet and presented as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease. Finance income is recognised over the lease term, based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on Company's net investment in the lease. A lease which is not classified as a finance lease is an operating lease.

The Company recognises lease payments in case of assets given on operating leases as income on a straight-line basis. The Company presents underlying assets subject to operating lease in its balance sheet under the respective class of asset.

2.18 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents in the Balance sheet comprise cash on hand, cheques on hand, balance with banks on current accounts and short term, highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less and which carry insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the Cash Flow Statement, Cash and cash equivalents consist of Cash and cash equivalents, as defined above and net of outstanding book overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company's cash management.

2.19 Cash Flow Statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit/loss before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

2B. Critical accounting judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with the measurement principle of Ind AS requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Differences between the actual results and estimates are recognized in the year in which the results are known / materialized and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

Application of accounting policies that require significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments and the use of assumptions in the financial statements have been disclosed below. The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the balance sheet date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

The Company provides for tax considering the applicable tax regulations and based on reasonable estimates. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns giving due considerations to tax laws and establishes provisions in the event if required as a result of differing interpretation or due to retrospective amendments, if any.

(a) Income taxes

Deferred income tax expense is calculated based on the differences between the carrying value of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases that are considered temporary in nature. Valuation of

deferred tax assets is dependent on management's assessment of future recoverability of the deferred benefit. Expected recoverability may result from expected taxable income in the future, planned transactions or planned optimising measures. Economic conditions may change and lead to a different conclusion regarding recoverability.

(b) Fair value measurements and valuation processes:

Investments are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. Fair value measurements are categorised into Level 1, 2, or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of various assets and liabilities are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

(c) Estimation of Defined benefit obligations

The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and the present value of the gratuity obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each financial year end.

The parameter most subject to change is the discount rate. In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans, the actuary considers the interest rates of government bonds.

The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables. Those mortality tables tend to change only at interval in response to demographic changes. Future salary increases and gratuity increases are based on expected future inflation rates.

(d) Provisions and contingent liabilities

The Company has ongoing litigations with various regulatory authorities and third parties. Where an outflow of funds is believed to be probable and a reliable estimate of the outcome of the dispute can be made based on management's assessment of specific circumstances of each dispute and relevant external advice, management provides for its best estimate of the liability. Such accruals are by nature complex and can take number of years to resolve and can involve estimation uncertainty. Information about such litigations is provided in notes to the financial statements.

2.23 Recent Pronouncement

Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. For the year ended 31st March, 2024, MCA has not notified any new standards or amendments to the existing standards applicable to the Company.