1 Corporate information

Kesoram Industries Limited (the Company) is a public company domiciled and incorporated under the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. The Company is a flagship company of B. K. Birla group of companies. Its shares are listed on three stock exchanges in India (Bombay Stock Exchange, National Stock Exchange and Calcutta Stock Exchange) and its Global Depositary Receipts (GDR) are listed on Luxembourg Stock Exchange. The Company is engaged in the business of manufacture and sale of Cement and it markets its product under the brand name "Birla Shakti".

The financial statements as at 31 March 2024 present the financial position of the Company.

The financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2024 were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 22 April 2024.

2 Summary of significant accounting policies

2.01 Basis of preparation

a. Compliance with Ind AS

These standalone financial statements (hereinafter referred to as "financial statements") are prepared in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards ("Ind AS") as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and presentation requirements of Division II of Schedule III notified under Section 133 of Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act''), amendments thereto and other relevant provisions of the Act and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI"), as applicable.

b. Historical cost convention

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention with the exception of certain assets and liabilities that are required to be carried at fair values by Ind AS, except for the following:

- certain financial assets and liabilities, which are measured at its fair values;

- assets held for sale — measured at the lower of its carrying amount and fair value less costs on disposal of assets and its value in use; and

- defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

c. Functional and Presentation Currency

(i) The financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees, which is the functional currency of the Company and the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates.

(ii) All other figures have been rounded off in decimals to the nearest in ' crores, unless otherwise stated.

d. Classification of Assets and Liabilities into Current/ Non-Current

The Company has ascertained its operating cycle as twelve months for the purpose of Current / NonCurrent classification of its Assets and Liabilities.

For the purpose of Balance Sheet, an asset is classified as current if:

(i) It is expected to be realised, or is intended to be sold or consumed, in the normal operating cycle; or

(ii) It is held primarily for the purpose of trading; or

(iii) It is expected to realise the asset within twelve months after the reporting period; or

(iv) The asset is a cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current Similarly, a liability is classified as current if:

(i) It is expected to be settled in the normal operating cycle; or

(ii) It is held primarily for the purpose of trading; or

(iii) It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or

(iv) The Company does not have an unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. Terms of a liability that could result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments at the option of the counterparty does not affect this classification.

All other liabilities are classified as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current only.

2.02 Property, plant and equipment and capital work-in-progress

Property, plant and equipment are stated at acquisition cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. The cost comprises of purchase cost, borrowing costs if capitalisation criteria are met and other directly attributable cost of bringing the assets to its working condition for intended use. The cost also comprises of exchange differences arising on translation/settlement of long term foreign currency monetary items pertaining to acquisition of such depreciable assets. Any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

Capital work in progress is stated at cost, [including borrowing cost, where applicable and adjustment for exchange difference referred to in Note 2.15 below] incurred during construction/ installation period relating to items or projects in progress.

Losses arising from the retirement of and gains or losses arising from disposal of property, plant and equipment which are carried at cost are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives as follows:

The useful lives have been determined based on technical evaluation done by the management's expert which are different than those specified by Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013, in order to reflect the actual usage of the assets. The residual values are not considered more than 5% of the original cost of the asset. The residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

Mining assets are amortised over the useful life of the mine or lease period whichever is lower.

The property, plant and equipment acquired under finance leases is depreciated over the asset's useful life or over the shorter of the asset's useful life and the lease term if there is no reasonable certainty that the Company will obtain ownership at the end of the lease term.

2.03 Intangible assets and amortisation

Intangible property, plant and equipment are capitalised where it is expected to provide future enduring economic benefits and amortised on a straight line basis. Capitalisation costs include license fees and the cost of implementation/ system integration services. The Costs are capitalised in the year in which the relevant intangible asset is implemented for use.

2.04 Impairment of Non-Financial Assets

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.

2.05 Leases

Company as a lessee - Right of use assets and lease liabilities

A lease is defined as 'a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to use an asset (the underlying asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration'.

Classification of leases

The Company enters into leasing arrangements for various assets. The assessment of the lease is based on several factors, including, but not limited to, transfer of ownership of leased asset at end of lease term, lessee's option to extend/ purchase etc.

Recognition and initial measurement of right of use assets

At lease commencement date, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet. The right-of-use asset is measured at cost, which is made up of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any initial direct costs incurred by the Company, an estimate of any costs to dismantle and remove the asset at the end of the lease (if any), and any lease payments made in advance of the lease commencement date (net of any incentives received).

Subsequent measurement of right of use assets

The Company depreciates the right-of-use assets on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The Company also assesses the right-of-use asset for impairment when such indicators exist.

Lease liabilities

At lease commencement date, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments unpaid at that date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease if that rate is readily available or the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are made up of fixed payments (including in substance fixed payments) and variable payments based on an index or rate. Subsequent to initial measurement, the liability will be reduced for payments made and increased for interest. It is remeasured to reflect any reassessment or modification, or if there are changes in in-substance fixed payments. When the lease liability is re-measured, the corresponding adjustment is reflected in the right-of-use asset.

The Company has elected to account for short-term leases using the practical expedients. Instead of recognising a right-of-use asset and lease liability, the payments in relation to these short-term leases are recognised as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets

The Company has elected not to recognise ROU and lease liabilities for short term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or lower and leases of low value assets. The Company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense over the lease term. The related cash flows are classified as Operating activities in the Statement of Cash Flows.

2.06 Inventories

Inventories consists of raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods and stores and spares which are valued as follows:

Raw Material & Stores & Spares:

Cost is determined on weighted average basis which includes expenditure incurred for acquiring inventories like purchase price, import duties, taxes (net of tax credit) and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Work-in-progress & Finished Goods:

These are stated at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of Finished goods, WIP and trial run inventories includes cost of raw materials, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost of Stock-in Trade includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to the present location and condition. Cost of inventories is computed on weighted average basis. Provision is made for obsolete/ slow moving/ defective stocks, wherever necessary.

2.07 Investment in Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures:

The Company's investment in its Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures are carried at cost net of accumulated impairment loss, if any. On disposal of the Investment, the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount is charged or credited to the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.08 Financial Instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss are immediately recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

(i) Financial assets

Classification

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

- those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income, or through profit or loss)

- those to be measured at amortised cost.

- The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

'For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at FVOCI.

Initial recognition and measurement

All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value, plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. However, trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are measured at transaction price.

2.08 Financial Instruments (cont'd)

Financial assets are measured at 'Fair value through other comprehensive income' (FVOCI) if these financial assets are held within a business model whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows or to sell these financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Movements in the carrying amounts are taken through OCI, except for the recognition of impairment gains or losses and interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses, which are recognised in profit and loss. When the financial asset is derecognised, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from equity to profit or loss and recognised in other gains/ (losses). Interest income from these financial assets is included in other income using the effective interest rate method.

Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost if these financial assets are held within a business model whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

The Company in respect of equity investments (other than in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) which are not held for trading has made an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value of such equity instruments. Such an election is made by the Company on an instrument by instrument basis at the time of initial recognition of such equity investments.

Financial asset not measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income is carried at 'Fair value through the statement of profit and loss' (FVPL).

Impairment of financial assets

The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the 'Expected credit losses' (ECL) associated with its assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI debt instruments. The Company recognises loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial asset.

For trade receivables only, the Company applies the simplified approach permitted by Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.

De-recognition of financial assets

A financial asset is derecognised only when:

- the Company has transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the financial asset or

- retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to one or more recipients.

Where the entity has transferred an asset, the Company evaluates whether it has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. In such cases, the financial asset is derecognised. Where the entity has not transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is not derecognised.

Where the entity has neither transferred a financial asset nor retains substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset, the financial asset is derecognised if the Company has not retained control of the financial asset. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognise the financial asset and also recognises a collateralised borrowing for the proceeds received.

(ii) Financial liabilities and equity instruments Classification as debt or equity

Financial liabilities, debts and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. Dividends from such investments are recognised in profit or loss as other income when the group's right to receive payments is established.

Financial Liabilities

All financial liabilities are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL.

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

A financial liability is classified as held for trading if:

• it has been acquired principally for the purpose of repurchasing it in the near term; or

• on initial recognition it is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that the Group manages together and has a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking; or

• it is a derivative, except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument.

A financial liability other than a financial liability held for trading or contingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination may be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition if:

• such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise; or

• the financial liability forms part of a group of financial assets or financial liabilities or both, which is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with the Group's documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the grouping is provided internally on that basis; or

• it forms part of a contract containing one or more embedded derivatives, and Ind AS 109 permits the entire combined contract to be designated as at FVTPL.

Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss to the extent that they are not part of a designated hedging relationship (see hedge accounting policy). The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any interest paid on the financial liability and is included in the 'finance cost" line item (note 31) in profit or loss.

However, for financial liabilities that are designated as at FVTPL, the amount of change in the fair value of the financial liability that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of that liability is recognised in other comprehensive income, unless the recognition of the effects of changes in the liability's credit risk in other comprehensive income would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch in profit or loss. The remaining amount of change in the fair value of liability is recognised in profit or loss. Changes in fair value attributable to a financial liability's credit risk that are recognised in other comprehensive income are recognised in retained earnings.

Financial liabilities at amortised cost

Financial liabilities that are not (i) contingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination,

(ii) held-for-trading, or (iii) designated as at FVTPL, are measured subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Trade and other payables are initially measured at fair value, net of transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method where the time value of money is significant.

Interest bearing bank loans, overdrafts and issued debt are initially measured at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the settlement or redemption of borrowings is recognised over the term of the borrowings in the statement of profit and loss.

De-recognition of financial liabilities

The Company de-recognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company's obligations are discharged, cancelled or they expire.

Derivative financial instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company uses certain derivative financial instruments to reduce business

^KESORAM

Summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information for the year ended 31 March 2024

2.08 Financial Instruments (cont'd)

risks which arise from its exposure to foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuations. The instruments are confined principally to forward foreign exchange contracts

Derivatives are initially accounted for and measured at fair value from the date the derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period.

Offsetting financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company or the counterparty.

2.09 Employee Benefits Defined contribution plans

Payments to defined contribution plans are charged as an expense as they fall due. Payments made to state managed retirement benefit schemes are dealt with as payments to defined contribution schemes where the Company's obligations under the schemes are equivalent to those arising in a defined contribution retirement benefit scheme.

Defined benefit plans

For defined benefit retirement schemes the cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuation being carried out at each balance sheet date. Re-measurement gains and losses of the net defined benefit liability/ (asset) are recognised immediately in other comprehensive income. The service cost and net interest on the net defined benefit liability/ (asset) is treated as a net expense within employment costs.

Past service cost is recognised as an expense when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs or when any related restructuring costs or termination benefits are recognised, whichever is earlier.

The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the present value of the defined-benefit obligation as reduced by the fair value plan assets.

Compensated absences

Accumulated compensated absences which are expected to be availed or encashed within twelve months from the year end are treated as short term employee benefits. The obligation towards the same is measured at the expected cost of accumulating compensated absences as the additional amount expected to be paid as a result of the unused entitlements as at the year end.

Accumulated compensated absences which are expected to be availed or encashed beyond twelve months from the year end are treated as other long term employee benefits. The Company's liability is actuarially determined (using the Projected Unit Credit method) at the end of each year. Actuarial loss/gains are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the year in which they arise.

Short-term Employee Benefits (i.e. benefits payable within one year) are recognised in the period in which employee services are rendered.

2.10 Provision and Contingent Liabilities Provisions

Provisions are recognised when there is a present obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and there is a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation.

Provisions are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pretax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

110 | Annual Report & Accounts 2023-24

Provisions are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pretax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

Provision for mines restoration and related environmental costs:

An obligation for restoration, rehabilitation and environmental costs arises when environmental disturbance is caused by the development or ongoing extraction from mines. Costs arising from restoration at closure of the mines and other site preparation work are provided for based on their discounted net present value, with a corresponding amount being capitalised at the start of each project. The amount provided for is recognised, as soon as the obligation to incur such costs arises. These costs are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss over the life of the operation through the depreciation of the asset and the unwinding of the discount on the provision. The cost are reviewed periodically and are adjusted to reflect known developments which may have an impact on the cost or life of operations. The cost of the related asset is adjusted for changes in the provision due to factors such as updated cost estimates, new disturbance and revisions to discount rates. The adjusted cost of the asset is depreciated prospectively over the lives of the assets to which they relate. The unwinding of the discount is shown as a finance cost in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Contingent liabilities

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made.

Claims against the Company where the possibility of any outflow of resources in settlement is remote, are not disclosed as contingent liabilities.

2.11 Non-current assets (or disposal groups) held for sale

Non-current assets (or disposal groups) are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and a sale is considered highly probable. They are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell, except for assets such as deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits, financial assets and contractual rights under insurance contracts, which are specifically exempt from this requirement.

An impairment loss is recognised for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal group) to fair value less costs to sell. A gain is recognised for any subsequent increases in fair value less costs to sell of an asset (or disposal group), but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognised. A gain or loss not previously recognised by the date of the sale of the non-current asset (or disposal group) is recognised at the date of de-recognition.

Non-current assets (including those that are part of a disposal group) are not depreciated or amortised while they are classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale continue to be recognised.

Non-current assets classified as held for sale and the assets of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from the other assets in the balance sheet. The liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from other liabilities in the balance sheet.

2.12 Income tax

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period's taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in the countries where the company and its subsidiaries and associates operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The group measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty.

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and the amounts used for taxation purposes (tax base), at the tax rates and tax laws enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Deferred tax assets are recognised for the future tax consequences to the extent it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the deductible temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit (tax loss).

Income tax, in so far as it relates to items disclosed under other comprehensive income or equity, are disclosed separately under other comprehensive income or equity, as applicable.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances related to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

2.13 Cash and bank balances

- Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, demand deposits with banks, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in the balance sheet.

- Other bank balances

Other bank balances include deposits with maturity less than twelve months but greater than three months and balances and deposits with banks that are restricted for withdrawal and usage.

2.14 Revenue Recognition

Revenue shall be recognised to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services.

Sale of goods

Revenue from contract with customers is recognised when the Company satisfies performance obligation by transferring promised goods and services to the customer. Performance obligations may be satisfied at a point of time or over a period of time. Performance obligations satisfied over a period of time are recognised as per the term of relevant contractual agreements/ arrangements. Performance obligations are said to be satisfied at a point of time when the customer obtains controls of the asset.

Revenue is recognised based on the price specified in the contract, net of the estimated volume discounts. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the discounts, using the expected value method, and revenue is only recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. A contract liability is recognised for expected volume discounts payable to customers in relation to sales made until the end of the reporting period.

A receivable is recognised when the goods are delivered as this is the point in time that the consideration is unconditional because only the passage of time is required before the payment is due, which are otherwise recorded as contract assets.

Significant financing component

Generally, the Company receives shortterm advances from its customers. Using the practical expedient in Ind AS 115, the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

Interest income

Interest income is accrued on a time proportion basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and the effective interest rate applicable.

2.14 Revenue Recognition (cont'd)

Dividend income

Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder's rights to receive payment have been established.

2.15 Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs include interest, other costs incurred in connection with borrowing and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost. General and specific borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. Premium in the form of fees paid on refinancing of loans are accounted for as an expense over the life of the loan using effective interest rate method. All other borrowing costs are recognised in the Statement of profit and loss in the period in which they are incurred.

2.16 Foreign currency transactions and translations Functional and presentation currency

The financial statements of the Company are presented in Indian rupees (INR), which is the functional currency of the Company and the presentation currency for the financial statements.

Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currency are accounted for at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities related to foreign currency transactions remaining unsettled at the end of the year are translated at year end exchange rates. Gains/losses arising out of fluctuations in the exchange rates are recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which they arise.

2.17 Earnings per equity share

(i) Basic earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing:

• the profit attributable to owners of the Company

• by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the financial year

(ii) Diluted earnings per share

Diluted earnings per share adjusts the figures used in the determination of basic earnings per share to take into account:

• the after income tax effect of interest and other financing costs associated with dilutive potential equity shares, and

• the weighted average number of additional equity shares that would have been outstanding assuming the conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares

2.18 Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker.

The Board of Directors has been identified as the chief operating decision maker. Refer note 42 for segment information presented. The company accounts for intersegment sales and transfers at cost.

2.19 Cash Flow Statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby the net profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and

2.19 Cash Flow Statement (cont'd)

item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

2.20 Use of estimates and critical accounting judgements

In preparation of the financial statements, the Company makes judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and the associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and the underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised and future periods affected.

Significant judgements and estimates relating to the carrying values of assets and liabilities include useful lives of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, impairment of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and investments, provision for employee benefits and other provisions, recoverability of deferred tax assets, commitments and contingencies, measurement of lease liability and Right to Use Asset.

2.21 New and amended standards adopted by the Company

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs vide notification dated 31 March 2023 notified the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023, which amended certain accounting standards, and are effective 1 April 2023. The rule predominantly amends Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial statements, Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors and Ind AS 12, Income taxes, whereas the other amendments notified by these rules are primarily in the nature of clarifications. As per the management's assessment, these amendments did not have any material impact on the amounts recognised in the prior periods.