27. Significant accounting policies
27.1 Basis of preparation
The financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (as amended till date).
The financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on 6th May 2024.
27.2 Basis of measurement
The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following items, which are measured on an alternative basis on each reporting date
27.3 Functional and presentation currency
These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (INR), which is the Company’s functional currency. All financial information is presented in INR rounded to the nearest Rupee in Lakhs, except share and per share data, unless otherwise stated.
Exchange differences are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent, exchange differences which are regarded as an adjustment to interest cost on foreign currency borrowing, are capitalized as part of Borrowing Cost.
27.4 Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenue, expenses, current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, noncurrent liabilities and disclosures of the contingent liabilities at the end of each reporting period. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions, uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in the outcomes requiring a material adjustment to the carrying value of assets or liabilities in future periods.
This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgement or complexity, and of items which are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning out to be different than those originally assessed.
Critical estimates and judgements
The areas involving critical estimates or judgements are:
1. Estimation of defined benefit obligation -
The cost of the defined benefit gratuity plan and the present value of the gratuity obligation are determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differ from actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate; future salary increases and mortality rates. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewed at each reporting date.
The parameter most subject to change is the discount rate. In determining the appropriate discount rate for plans operated in India, the management considers the market yields on government securities in currencies consistent with the currencies of the post-employment benefit obligation.
The mortality rate is based on publicly available mortality tables which tend to change only at interval in response to demographic changes. Future salary increases and gratuity increases are based on expected future inflation rates.
Further details about gratuity obligations are given in Note 32.
2. Estimation of provision for warranty claims - Refer note 27.16 Provisions
3. Estimated useful life of intangible assets - Refer note 27.9 Intangible asset and amortization.
4. Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences including the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized.
5. Lease term - The Company had applied provisions of Ind AS 116 effective 01st April, 2019. The said standard provides for certain recognition exemptions for short term leases as well as provides for certain criteria when the lease contracts are nonenforceable. The determination of lease term for the purpose of availing such exemptions and evaluation of such criteria for non-enforceability of a contract involves significant judgment.
6. Revenue Recognition - The Company recognises revenue for each performance obligation either at a point in time or over a time. In case performance obligation is satisfied over a time, the output method is used to determine the revenue since it is faithfully depicting the Company’s performance towards complete satisfaction of performance obligation. Practical expedient of “right to consideration” is also considered while recognizing revenue in the amount to which the entity has right to invoice. In case performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time, the Company generally recognises revenue when the control is transferred i.e. in case of goods either on shipment or upon delivery in domestic & on date of shipping in case of export. In case of services, the revenue is recognized based on completion of distinct performance obligation. Refer significant accounting policy note 27.10 on revenue recognition for information about methods, input and assumptions w.r.t transaction price & variable consideration.
Current versus non-current classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/ non-current classification.
An asset as current when it is:
• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle.
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading.
• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle.
• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading.
• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets/liabilities are classified as non-current assets/liabilities.
27.5 Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and conditions are accounted for as follows:
• Raw materials and Stores Spares: Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. The cost is calculated on weighted average method.
• Finished goods and work in progress: Cost includes cost of direct materials and labor and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs.
• Traded goods: Cost includes cost of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost is determined on weighted average basis.
• Unserviceable, damaged and obsolete inventory is valued at cost or net realizable value whichever is lower.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
27.6 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and short-term deposits in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and highly liquid short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in balance sheet.
27.7 Property, plant and equipment
• Recognition and measurement
Freehold land is carried at historical cost. All other items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated depreciation and/or accumulated impairment loss, if any. The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and other non-refundable taxes or levies and any directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use; any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Borrowing costs directly attributable to the construction of a qualifying asset are capitalized as part of the cost.
When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.
Property, plant and equipment under construction are disclosed as capital work-in-progress.
Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each reporting date are disclosed under “Other non-current assets”.
• Subsequent costs
The cost of replacing a part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Company, and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognized in the statement of profit and loss as incurred.
• Disposal
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized net within other income/expenses in the statement of profit and loss.
• Depreciation
Depreciation is calculated over the depreciable amount, which is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value.
Depreciation is recognized in the statement of profit and loss generally on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of each part of an item of property, plant and equipment as prescribed in Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013, except for following category of fixed assets, as assessed by the Management of the Company based on technical evaluation -
27.8 Investment Property
Property that is held for long-term rental yields or for capital appreciation or both, and that is not occupied by the Company, is classified as investment property. Investment property is measured initially at cost, including related transaction costs and where applicable borrowing costs. Subsequent expenditure is capitalized to asset’s carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company and cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. When part of an investment property is replaced, the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized.
Investment properties are depreciated using straight-line method over their estimated useful lives.
27.9 Intangible assets and amortization
• Recognition and measurement
Intangible assets are recognized when the asset is identifiable, it is within the control of the Company, it is probable that the future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the Company and cost of the asset can be reliably measured.
Intangible assets acquired by the Company that have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.
• Subsequent measurement
Subsequent expenditure is capitalized only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates.
• Amortization
Amortization is calculated over the cost of the asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its residual value. Amortization is recognized in statement of profit and loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use, since this most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset.
• De recognition of Intangible assets
An Intangible asset is derecognized on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from de recognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and they are recognized in statement of profit and loss when the asset is derecognized.
27.10 Revenue recognition Sale of goods
Company recognizes revenue when it transfers control over a good or service to a customer i.e. when it has fulfilled all 5 steps as given by Ind AS 115. Revenue is measured at transaction price i.e. Consideration to which Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties and after considering effect of variable consideration, significant financing component. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, transaction price is allocated to different obligations based on their standalone selling price. In such case, revenue recognition criteria are applied for each performance obligation separately, in order to reflect the substance of the transaction and revenue is recognized separately for each obligation as and when the recognition criteria for the component is fulfilled.
For contracts that permit the customer to return an item, revenue is recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Amounts included in revenue are net of returns, trade allowances, rebates, goods and service tax, value added taxes.
Rendering of services
Revenue is recognised over time as the services are provided. The stage of completion for determining the amount of revenue to recognised is assessed based on surveys of work performed.
If the services under a single arrangement are rendered in different reporting periods, then the consideration is allocated based on their relative stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling price is determined based on the list prices at which the Company sells the services in separate transactions.
Other income
Other income comprises of rental income, interest income, and dividend income, foreign currency gain on financial assets and liabilities and export benefits.
Interest income is recognized as it accrues in the statement of profit and loss, using the effective interest method. Dividend income and export benefits in the form of Duty Draw Back claims and Merchant Exchange Incentive Scheme licenses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss on the date that the Company’s right to receive payment is established.
27.11 Finance costs
Finance costs comprises of interest expense on borrowings, and foreign currency loss (to the extent those are regarded as an adjustment to the finance costs) on financial assets and liabilities. Interest expenditure is recognized as it accrues in the statement of profit and loss, using the effective interest method.
27.12 Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are the assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale.
27.13 Foreign currency transactions
The financial statements are presented in INR, which is also the Company’s functional currency. All amounts have been rounded to the nearest rupee, unless otherwise indicated.
Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange at the reporting date. Such differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in statement of profit and loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or profit or loss are also recognized in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).
27.14 Employee Benefits
Short Term Employee Benefits
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the services are classified as short-term employee benefits. Benefits such as salaries, wages, expected cost of bonus and short-term compensated absences, leave travel allowance etc. are recognized in the period in which the employee renders the related service.
Post-Employment Benefits
Defined Contribution Plan
The Company’s state governed provident fund scheme and employee state insurance scheme are defined contribution plans. The contribution paid/payable under the scheme is recognized during the period in which the employee renders the related service.
Defined Benefit Plan
The employees’ gratuity fund scheme is the Company’s defined benefit plan. The present value of the obligation under such defined benefit plan is determined based on actuarial valuation using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation.
The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plans, is based on the market yields on Government securities as at the balance sheet date, having maturity periods approximating to the terms of related obligations.
Remeasurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in the balance sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods.
Gains or losses on the curtailment or settlement of any defined benefit plan are recognized when the curtailment or settlement occurs. Past service cost is recognized as expenses on straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset.
Long Term Employee Benefit
The obligation for long term employee benefits such as long-term compensated absences is recognized in the same manner as in the case of defined benefit plans as mentioned above.
Accumulated leaves that are expected to be utilized within the next 12 months are treated as short term employee benefits.
27.15 Income Taxes
Current income tax
The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of tax laws enacted or substantially enacted at the end of reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situation in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:
When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:
When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.
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