27.16 Provisions
A Provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources is expected to settle the obligation, in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made.
Contingent liability is disclosed in case of:
• A present obligation arising from past events, when it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation,
• Present obligation arising from past events, when no reliable estimate is possible, and
• Possible obligation arising from past events where the probability of outflow of resources is remote.
Contingent assets are neither recognized, nor disclosed.
Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date.
Warranty provisions
Provisions for warranty-related costs are recognized when the product is sold to the customer. Initial recognition is based on historical experience. The initial estimate of warranty-related costs is revised annually.
27.17 Leases
A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
As a Lessee
A lessee is required to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases and to recognize depreciation of leased assets separately from interest on lease liabilities in the statement of Profit and Loss. The Company uses the practical expedient to apply the requirements of this standard to a portfolio of leases with similar characteristics if the effects on the financial statements of applying to the portfolio does not differ materially from applying the requirement to the individual leases within that portfolio.
However, when the lessee and the lessor each have the right to terminate the lease without permission from the other party with no more than an insignificant penalty the Company considers that lease to be no longer enforceable. Also, according to Ind AS 116, for leases with a lease term of 12 months or less (short-term leases) and for leases for which the underlying asset is of low value, the lessee is not required to recognize right-of-use asset and a lease liability. The Company applies both recognition exemptions. The lease payments associated with those leases are generally recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term or another systematic basis if appropriate.
Right-of-use assets:
Right-of-use assets, which are included under property, plant and equipment, are measured at cost less any accumulated depreciation and, if necessary, any accumulated impairment. The cost of a right-of-use asset comprises the present value of the outstanding lease payments plus any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received, any initial direct costs and an estimate of costs to be incurred in dismantling or removing the underlying asset. In this context, the Company also applies the practical expedient that the payments for non-lease components are generally recognized as lease payments. If the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee at the end of the lease term or if the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the lessee will exercise a purchase option, the right-of-use asset is depreciated to the end of the useful life of the underlying asset. Otherwise, the right-of-use asset is depreciated to the end of the lease term.
Lease Liability:
Lease liabilities, which are assigned to financing liabilities, are measured initially at the present value of the lease payments. Subsequent measurement of a lease liability includes the increase of the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability and reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made.
As a lessor
Lease income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are included in the balance sheet based on their nature.
27.18 Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset or cash generating unit (CGU) may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or CGU’s net selling price or its value in use. Where the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.
27.19 Fair value measurement
The Company measures certain financial instruments such as Investments at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. Quoted market prices, when available, are used as the measure of fair value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are determined using present value estimates or other valuation techniques, for example, the present value of estimated expected future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. Fair value estimation techniques normally incorporate assumptions that market participants would use in their estimates of values, future revenues, and future expenses, including assumptions about interest rates, default, prepayment and volatility. Because assumptions are inherently subjective in nature, the estimated fair values cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent market quotes and, in many cases, the estimated fair values would not necessarily be realized in an immediate sale or settlement of the instrument.
For cash and other liquid assets, the fair value is assumed to approximate to book value, given the short- term nature of these instruments. For those items with a stated maturity exceeding twelve months, fair value is calculated using a discounted cash flow methodology.
The financial instruments carried at fair value were categorized under the three levels of the Ind AS fair value hierarchy as follows:
Level 1: Quoted market prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. This level of the fair value hierarchy provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used to measure fair value whenever available.
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).
Level 3: Inputs for the asset or liability that is not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). These inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). These inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which include the Company’s own data. The Company’s own data used to develop unobservable inputs is adjusted if information indicates that market participants would use different assumptions.
27.20 Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value. Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognized on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:
• Debt instruments at amortized cost
• Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
• Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
• Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
Derecognition
The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.
Impairment of financial asset
Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the following financial assets and credit risk exposure:
• Financial assets that are debt instruments, and are measured at amortized cost e.g., loans, debt securities, deposits, trade receivables and bank balance.
• Financial assets that are debt instruments and are measured as at FVTOCI.
• Lease receivables.
• Trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115.
• Loan commitments which are not measured as at FVTPL.
• Financial guarantee contracts which are not measured as at FVTPL.
The Company follows ‘simplified approach’ for recognition of impairment loss allowance on:
• Trade receivables or contract revenue receivables; and
• All lease receivables resulting from transactions within the scope of Ind AS 116
The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition. For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used.
Financial liabilities
Initial recognition and measurement
The Company initially recognizes loans and advances, deposits, debt securities issued and subordinated liabilities on the date on which they are originated. All other financial instruments (including regular-way purchases and sales of financial assets) are recognized on the trade date, which is the date on which the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
A financial asset or financial liability is measured initially at fair value, for an item not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue.
Derecognition
A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, other terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.
27.21 Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period as reduced by number of shares bought back, if any. The weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue, bonus element in a rights issue, share split, and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changed the number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
27.22 Borrowings
Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a prepayment for liquidity services and amortized over the period of the facility to which it relates
Preference shares, which are mandatorily redeemable on a specific date, are classified as liabilities. The dividends on these preference shares are recognized in profit or loss as finance costs
Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in profit or loss as other gains/ (losses).
Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless they have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period. Where there is a breach of a material provision of a long-term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the entity does not classify the liability as current, if the lender agreed, after the reporting period and before the approval of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach.
27.23 Government grants
Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset
The fair value of financial assets and liabilities are included at the amount at which the instrument that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
The carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities measured at amortised cost are a reasonable approximation of their fair values.
Fair value hierarchy
This section explains the judgements and estimates made in determining the fair values of the financial instruments that are (a) recognised and measured at fair value and (b) measured at amortised cost and for which fair values are disclosed in the financial statements. To provide an indication about the reliability of the inputs used in determining fair value, the Company has classified its financial instruments into three levels prescribed under the accounting standard. An explanation of each level is given in Note no 27.19 (Reference No) of Significant Accounting Policies.
35A Financial risk management policy and objectives
Company’s principal financial liabilities, comprises loans and borrowings, trade and other payables and other financial liabilities. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance Company's operations. Company’s principal financial assets include investments, trade and other receivables, security deposits, cash and cash equivalents and other bank balances that derive directly from its operations.
Company is exposed to certain risks which includes market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk.
Company's senior management takes care of Company's financial risk activities through appropriate policies and procedures. The policies for managing these risks are summarised below.
1) Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Company is exposed to credit risk from its operating activities (primarily trade receivables) and from its financing activities, including deposits with banks and financial institutions, foreign exchange transactions and other financial instruments. Company uses expected credit loss model for assessing and providing for credit risk.
a) Trade receivable
Customer credit risk is managed by the Company under the guidance of the credit policy, procedures and control relating to customer credit risk management. Credit quality of a customer is assessed based on financial position, past performance, business/economic conditions, market reputation , expected business etc. Based on this evaluation, credit limit and credit terms are decided. Exposure on customer receivables are regularly monitored and managed through credit lock and release. For export customers, credit insurance is generally taken. An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date on an individual basis for all the customers. The impairment is based on expected credit model considering the historical data and financial position of individual customer at each reporting period. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of financial assets. Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and are generally on, 40 days to 180 days credit term. The Company has low concentration of risk as customer base in widely distributed both economically and geographically.
b) Financial instruments and cash deposits
Credit risk from balances with banks and financial institutions is managed by the Company’s finance department in accordance with Company’s policy. Investments of surplus funds are made only with approved counterparties and within credit limits assigned to each counterparty. Company monitors rating, credit spreads and financial strength of its counter parties. Based on ongoing assessment Company adjust it's exposure to various counterparties. Company's maximum exposure to credit risk for the components of statement of financial position is the carrying amount.
2) Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company may not be able to meet its present and future cash flow and collateral obligations without incurring unacceptable losses. Company's objective is to, at all time maintain optimum levels of liquidity to meet its cash and collateral requirements. Company closely monitors its liquidity position. It maintains adequate sources of financing including overdraft, debt from domestic and international banks at optimized cost.
3) Market Risk
Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk:- interest rate risk, currency risk and other price risk such as equity price risk and commodity risk. Financial instruments affected by market risk include loans and borrowings, deposits, investments.
Company's activities expose it to variety of financial risks, including effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate.
a) Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates.
The Company has been availing the borrowings on variable rate of interest. The borrowings on a variable rate of interest are subject to interest rate risk as defined in Ind AS 107.
b) Foreign Currency Exposure Risk
Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of an exposure will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company’s exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to the Company’s operating activities (when revenue or expense assets & liabilities is denominated in a foreign currency).
43. Willful Defaulter
The Company has not been declared willful defaulter by any banks/Financial Institutions.
44. Crypto Currency or Virtual Currency
The Company has not traded or invested in Crypto Currency or Virtual Currency
45. Note on Undisclosed Income If any
The Company does not have any transaction not recorded in the books of accounts that has been surrendered or disclosed as income during the year in the tax assessments under the Income Tax Act, 1961 (such as, search or survey or any other relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961).
Also none of the previously unrecorded income and related assets have been recorded in the books of account during the year.
47. Disclosure related to reporting under rule 11(e) of the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014, as amended.
1) No funds have been advanced or loaned or invested (either from borrowed funds or share premium or any other sources or kind of funds) by the Company to or any other person or entities, including foreign entities (“Intermediaries”), with the understanding, whether recorded in writing or otherwise, that the Intermediary shall, whether, directly or indirectly lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Company (“Ultimate Beneficiaries”) or provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries.
2) No funds have been received by the Company from any person or entity, including foreign entities (“Funding Parties”), with the understanding, whether recorded in writing or otherwise, that the Company shall, whether, directly or indirectly, lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Funding Party (“Ultimate Beneficiaries”) or provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries.
48. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
(a) CSR amount required to be spent by the Company as per Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Schedule VII thereof during the year is Rs. 14.46 Lakhs (Previous Year Rs. 9.68).
(b) Expenditure related to Corporate Social Responsibility is Rs.14.74 Lakhs (Previous Year Rs. 6.52).
Details of Amount spent towards CSR is given below:
As per our report of even date
For and On behalf of Board of Directors
For P G BHAGWAT LLP Dilip Kulkarni Prakash Kulkarni
Chartered Accountant Managing Director Executive Chairman
FRN: 101118W/W100682 DIN: 00184727 DIN: 00052342
Mr.Akshay B. Kotkar Suhas Kharote Ms. Aishwarya Toraskar
Partner Chief Finance Officer Company Secretary
M.No.: 140581 M. No.: A54931
Place : Kolhapur Place : Shirol
Date : 06th May, 2024 Date : 06th May, 2024
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