2 Significant Accounting Policies
2.1 Basis of Preparation
(a) Statement of Compliance
The standalone financial statements has been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards ("Ind AS”) notified under
the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2016
and other relevant provisions of the Act.
(b) Basis of measurement
The standalone financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost convention and on an accrual basis, except for the
following material items that have been measured at fair value as required by relevant Ind AS:
i. Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (refer accounting policy on financial instruments);
ii. Defined benefit and other long-term employee benefits.
(c) Functional and presentation currency
The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian rupees, which is the functional currency of the Company and the
currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. All financial information presented in Indian rupees in
lakhs and has been rounded to the nearest rupee in lakhs except share and per share data.
(d) Use of estimates and judgement
The preparation of standalone financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make judgments, estimates
and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and
expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on a periodic basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the
period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies
i) Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in
which these entities operate (i.e. the "functional currency"). The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee, the
national currency of India, which is the functional currency of the Company.
ii) Foreign currency transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currency are translated into the respective functional currencies using the exchange rates prevailing at the
dates of the respective transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from
the translation at the exchange rates prevailing at reporting date of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies
are recognized in the statement of profit and loss and reported within foreign exchange gains / (losses).
Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange
rate prevalent at the date of transaction.
iii) Investment in subsidiaries
Investment in subsidiaries is measured at cost. Dividend income from subsidiaries is recognized when its right to receive the dividend
is established.
iv) Financial instruments
All financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value. Transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial
asset (other than financial assets recorded at fair value through profit or loss) are included in the fair value of the financial assets.
Purchase or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in
the market place (regular way trade) are recognized on trade date. While, loans and borrowings and payable are recognized net of
directly attributable transactions costs.
For the purpose of subsequent measurement, financial instruments of the Company are classified in the following categories: non¬
derivative financial assets comprising amortized cost; non derivative financial liabilities at amortized cost.
The classification of financial instruments depends on the objective of the business model for which it is held. Management determines
the classification of its financial instruments at initial recognition.
Financial instrument is derecognized only when the Company has transferred its right to receive/ extinguish its obligation to pay cash
flow from such financial instruments.
a) Non-derivative financial assets
Financial assets at amortized cost
A financial asset shall be measured at amortized cost if both of the following conditions are met:
- the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual
cash flows and
- the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal
and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
They are presented as current assets, except for those maturing later than 12 months after the reporting date which are
presented as non-current assets. Financial assets are measured initially at fair value plus transaction costs and subsequently
carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment loss.
Amortized cost is represented by security deposits, cash and cash equivalents, employee and other advances and eligible
current and non-current assets.
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and in banks and demand deposits with banks which can be withdrawn
at any time without prior notice or penalty on the principal.
For the purposes of the cash flow statement, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and in banks .
b) Non-derivative financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Financial liabilities at amortized cost represented by trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value, and
subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
v) Property plant and equipment:
Recognition and measurement: Normally Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and
impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditures directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. The Company has elected
to apply the optional exemption to use this previous GAAP value as deemed cost at 1 April 2016, the date of transition except land
and building which are valued at market value.
Depreciation: Normally the Company depreciates property, plant and equipment over the estimated useful life of the assets as
prescribed in Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013 on a straight-line basis from the date the assets are ready for intended use.
Wherever the useful life is determined by technical assessment for certain assets, such assets are depreciated as per their assessed
life. Assets acquired under finance lease and leasehold improvements are amortized over the lower of estimated useful life and
related term. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date.
When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major
components) of property, plant and equipment. Subsequent expenditure relating to property, plant and equipment is capitalized
only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can
be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in the statement of profit and loss when incurred. The cost and
related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the standalone financial statements upon sale or disposition of the asset and
the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
vi) Intangible assets
Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets are amortized over their
respective estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful life of an
identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition and other
economic factors (such as the stability of the industry and known technological advances) and the level of maintenance expenditures
required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.
vii) Inventory
a) Raw materials and Work in Progress are valued at cost. Finished goods are valued at cost or net realizable value which ever
is less.
b) The basis of determining the cost is
Raw materials : Weighted average cost
Stores and spares : Weighted average cost
Work in process and finished goods : Material cost plus appropriate share of labour, related overheads and levies
c) In case of identified Obsolete/Surplus/Non-moving items necessary provision is made and charged to revenue.
viii) Impairment
a) Financial assets
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of
impairment loss.
i) The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivable.
The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises
impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the Company determines that whether
there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly,
36-months ECL is used to provide for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is
used. If in subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase
in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 36
months ECL.
Lifetime ECLs are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial
instrument. The 36 months ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within
36 months after the reporting date.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract
and all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e. all shortfalls), discounted at the original EIR. When estimating
the cash flows, an entity is required to consider:
ii) ii) All contractual terms of the financial instrument (including prepayment, extension etc.) over the expected life of
the financial instrument. However, in rare cases when the expected life of the financial instrument cannot be estimated
reliably, then the entity is required to use the remaining contractual term of the financial instrument.
iii) Cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.
ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognised during the period is recognised as income/ expense in the
statement of profit and loss. The balance sheet presentation for various financial instruments is described below:
Financial assets measured at amortised cost, contractual revenue receivable: ECL is presented as an allowance, i.e.
as an integral part of the measurement of those assets in the balance sheet. The allowance reduces the net carrying
amount. Untill the asset meets write off criteria, the Company does not reduce impairment allowance from the gross
carrying amount.
b) Non-financial assets
The Company assesses at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that a non financial asset or a group
of non financial assets is impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the amount of impairment loss.
An impairment loss is calculated as the difference between an asset's carrying amount and recoverable amount. Losses are
recognised in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account. When the Company considers that there are no realistic
prospects of recovery of the asset, the relevant amounts are written off. If the amount of impairment loss subsequently
decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, then the
previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.
ix) Employee benefits
a) Gratuity & Provident Fund:
Gratuity provision is made to all eligible employees based on the actuarial valuation. The company is making actual gratuity
payments as and when crystalized. The company has not taken any insurance policy for payment of gratuity.
b) The company has a provident fund scheme for their employees. Contribution to the scheme are charged to profit and loss
account.
c) Accrued Leave Salary:
Liability towards Accrued Leave Salary, as at the end of the year is recognized on the basis of actuarial valuation. The company
is making actual payments as and when crystalized.
x) Provisions
All the provision are recognized as per Ind AS 37. Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or
constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation,
and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of
the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation.
When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, the
eceivable is recognized as an asset, if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can
be measured reliably.
Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower
than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. Provisions for onerous contracts are measured at
the present value of lower of the expected net cost of fulfilling the contract and the expected cost of terminating the contract.
xi) Research & Development (R&D)
Revenue expenditure on R & D is charged to revenue in the year in which it is incurred. Capital expenditure, if any, on R & D is added
to fixed assets.
xii) Revenue recognition:
Accounting Policies, change in Accounting estimates and errors (As per Ind-As 8):
1. Review of accounting policies
a. Revenue recognition :
Ind As 115 recognises revenue of transfer of the control of goods or services, either over a period of time or a point of
time, at an amount that the entity expects to be entitles in exchange for those goods or services. In order to align with
Ind As 115, the Accounting policy on revenue recognition was reviewed and revised.
The said revision has nil impact on the financials of the company as the company was recognising and accounting
revenue in line with the Ind As 115.
b. Lease :
a. Lease liability is initially recognised and measured at an amount equal to the present value of minimum lease
payments during the lease term that are not yet paid.
b. Right of use asset is recognised and measured at cost, consisting of initial measurement of lease liability plus any
lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received, initial
estimate of the restoration costs and any initial direct costs incurred by the lseess.
c. the lease liability is measured in subsequent periods using the effective interest rate method. The right-of-use
asset is depreciated over the lease term.
d. Low value leases upto Rs.6 lakhs p.a. per lease and short term leases of 12 months or less are fully charged to
expense.
xiii) Finance income and expense
Finance income consists of interest income. Interest income is recognized as it accrues in the statement of profit and loss, using the
effective interest method.
Finance expenses consist of interest expense on loans and borrowings. Borrowing costs are recognized in the statement of profit and
loss using the effective interest method.
Foreign currency gains and losses are reported on a net basis.
xiv) Income tax
Income tax comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax expense is recognized in the statement of profit and loss except to the
extent it relates to items directly recognized in equity or in other comprehensive income.
a) Current income tax
Current income tax for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to
the taxation authorities based on the taxable income for the period. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the current tax
amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date and applicable for the period. The Company
offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts
and where it intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and liability simultaneously.
b) Deferred income tax
Deferred income tax is recognized using the balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized
for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying
amount in financial statements, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an
asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profits or
loss at the time of the transaction. Deferred income tax asset are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable
profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and
unused tax losses can be utilized. Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. The
carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer
probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset
is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the
reporting date.
xv) Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year.
Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving
basic EPS and also weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential
equity shares.
xvi) Borrowing costs
Borrowings costs directly attributable to acquisition or construction of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to
get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalised as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the
period in which it occur. Borrowing costs consists of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of
funds.
xvii) Prepaid Expenses
Expenses are accounted under prepaid expenses by only when the amount relating to the unexpired period.
xviii) Restatement of earliest prior period financials on material error/ommissions
The value of error and ommissions is construed to be material for restating the opening balances of assets and liabilities and equity
for the earliest prior period presented if the amount in each case of earlier period income / expenses exceeds 1.00% of the previous
year turnover of the company.
xix) Recent accounting pronouncements
Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under companies (Indian
Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time . On March 23, 2022, MCA amended the companies (Indian Accounting
Standards) Amendment Rules, 2022, as below.
Ind AS 16-Property Plant and Equipment - The amendment clarifies that excess of net sale proceeds of items produced over
the cost of testing, if any, shall not be recognised in the profit or loss but deducted from the directly attributable costs considered
as part of cost of an item of property, plant and equipment. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods
beginning or or after April 1, 2022. The company has evaluated the amendment and there is no impact on its consolidated financial
statements.
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