Note-2: Significant accounting policies
a. Basis of preparation of financial statements
The financial statements in all material aspects have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards ("Ind AS”) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended.
b. Basis of measurement
The financial statements have been prepared on historical cost convention and on an accrual basis, except for the following material items that have been measured at fair value as required by relevantInd AS:
i. Derivative financial instruments;
ii. Certain financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value
iii. Share based payments; and
iv. Defined benefit plans and other long-term employee benefits
c. Use of estimates
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses, balances of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in notes to financial statements. In particular, information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgements in applying accounting policies that have most significant effects on the amounts recognized in the financial statements is included in the following notes:
Revenue Recognition
The Company uses the percentage of completion method in accounting for its fixed price contracts. Use of the percentage of completion method requires the Company to estimate the efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the estimated total efforts or costs to be expended, as applicable. Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on incomplete contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the estimates at the reporting date.
Income Taxes
Significant judgements are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid/ recovered for uncertain tax positions.
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset's expected useful life and its residual value at the end of its life. Useful life and residual value of an asset is determined by the Management at the time an asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.
Employee Benefits
The company's defined benefit obligation to its employees and net periodic defined benefit cost / income requires the use of certain assumptions, including, among others, estimates of discount rates and expected return on plan assets. Changes in these assumptions may affect the future funding requirements of the plans. Actuarial gains / losses are recognized in Other Comprehensive Income. The sensitivity analysis for changes in estimates is disclosed under relevant Notes.
Other estimates
The Company estimates the probability of the collection of the accounts receivable by analysing historical payment of patterns and customer credit worthiness. Stock compensation expense is determined based on the company's estimate of exercise pattern of equity instruments that vests with the employees. Estimates with regard to deferred taxes and provisions are made based on the extent of uncertainty prevalent on the date of financial statements, which may cause material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities.
d. Revenue recognition
The Company derives revenue primarily from software development and related services. Revenue towards satisfaction of a performance obligation is measured at the amount of transaction price (net of variable consideration) allocated to that performance obligation.
Revenue disclosed is net of discounts and Goods and service tax. For software development and related services, the performance obligations are satisfied as and when the services are rendered since the customer generally obtains control of the work as it progresses. The Company has to apply the principles of revenue recognition to each of the distinct performance obligation and transaction price is recognized for each of the performance obligation of the contract.
The Company recognizes revenue when the performance obligations as promised have been satisfied with a transaction price and when where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of the consideration. Recognition criteria for various types of contracts are as follows:
Time and Material Contracts:
Revenue from time-and-material contracts is recognized based on the time / efforts spent and billed to clients.
Fixed-Price Contracts:
In case of fixed-price contracts, revenue is recognized based on percentage of completion basis. Where the performance obligations are satisfied over time and where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration is recognized as per the percentage-of-completion method. When there is uncertainty as to measurement or ultimate collectability, revenue recognition is postponed until such uncertainty is resolved.
Annual Maintenance Contract:
Revenue from annual maintenance contracts are recognized proportionately over the period in which services are rendered.
Sale of products:
Revenue from sale of third party software products and hardware is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods have passed to the buyer, usually on physical or electronic dispatch of goods.
Unbilled revenue represents earnings in excess of efforts billed on software development and service contracts as at the end of the reporting period and is included as part of Other Financial Assets.
Unearned revenues represent billing in excess of revenue recognized on software development and service contracts and is included in Other Current Liabilities until the above revenue recognition criteria is met. Advance payments received from customers for whom no services have been rendered are presented as "Advance from customers”.
Other Income
Other income primarily comprises of interest, dividend, foreign exchange gain/loss on financial assets / financial liabilities and on translation of other assets and liabilities. Interest income is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss using effective interest method at the time of accrual. Dividend income is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss when the right to receive payment is established. Foreign currency gain or loss is reported on net basis and includes gain or loss in respect of concluded forward contracts.
e. Property, Plant & Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditure directly attributable to acquisition until the property, plant and equipment are ready for the intended use.
Property, plant and equipment are depreciated / amortized over their estimated useful lives using straight-line method from the date the assets are ready for the intended use. Assets acquired under finance lease and leasehold improvements are amortized over the lower of estimated useful life or primary lease term.
Depreciation on Computer and Office equipment is provided on straight line method over their respective useful lives as prescribed in Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013. In respect of assets other than these, depreciation is provided over the economic useful life determined by technical evaluation. The useful lives of those assets are as under:
Based on technical evaluation, the management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which Management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013.
Depreciation methods, useful life and residual value are reviewed at each reporting date.
Individual asset costing Rs.5,000/- or less are depreciated in full in the year of purchase.
Gains or losses on disposal are determined by comparing proceeds with the carrying amount. Cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale of the asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Capital work-in-progress includes cost of fixed assets that are not ready for their intended use.
Advances paid towards the acquisition of Property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet Date is classified as capital advances under other non-current assets.
f. Impairment
Non-financial assets
The Company assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication that a carrying amount of a non-financial asset or a group of non-financial assets may not be recoverable and hence require to be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of these assets. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value adjusted for costs of disposal and the value in use. If such recoverable amount of these assets or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs to is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. This reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. If at the Balance Sheet date, there is an indication that if a previously assessed impairment loss no longer exits, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at such reassessed recoverable amount subject to a maximum of carrying value of the asset. Non-financial assets (other than Goodwill) that are already impaired are reviewed for possible reversal of impairment provision at the end of every reporting period.
Financial assets
Receivables: The Company follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss on trade receivables, whereby, it recognizes impairment loss allowances based on life time expected credit loss at each reporting period from its initial recognition.
Other financial assets: For all other financial assets, expected credit losses (ECL) are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in which case the same is measured at lifetime ECL.
Impairment gain or loss recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is the difference between loss allowance reassessed on the reporting date and that determined on the immediately preceding reporting date.
g. Investments
Investments that are readily realizable and intended to be held for not more than a year are classified as current investments. All other investments are classified as non-current.
» Non-current investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are stated at cost and any decline other than temporary in the value of these investments is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
» Other non-current investments are stated at their fair value.
» Current investments are stated at their fair value.
On disposal of investments, the difference between proceeds and the carrying amount is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
h. Non-derivative financial instruments
INITIAL MESASUREMENT:
Financial assets and liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets and liabilities are recognized at fair value on initial recognition, except for trade receivables (that do not contain a significant financing component) which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets
and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability. Purchase or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trade) are recognized on trade date.
SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT:
Financial assets at amortized cost
Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost if these financial assets are held within a business model whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using effective interest method, less any impairment losses.
Amortized assets are represented by trade receivables, security deposits, cash and cash equivalents, employee and other advances and eligible current and non-current assets.
They are presented as current assets except for those maturing later than 12 months after the reporting date, which are presented as non-current assets.
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income: (FVTOCI)
Financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if these financial assets are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: (FVTPL)
Any financial assetnot subsequently measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets falling in this category are measured at fair value and all changes are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, except for contingent consideration recognized in a business combination that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit and loss. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for De-recognition under Ind AS 109. A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is derecognized when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.
Fair value hierarchy:
The company's policy on Fair Valuation is stated below.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
Level 1 - The fair value of financial instruments traded in active markets (such as publicly traded securities) is based on quoted (unadjusted) market prices at the end of the reporting period. The quoted market price used for financial assets held by the Group is the current bid price.
Level 2 - The fair valuation of instruments not traded in active markets is determined using valuation techniques. These valuation techniques maximize the use of observable market data and minimize the use of entity specific estimates(All significant inputs to the fair value measurement is observable)
Level 3 -Valuation techniques for one or more significant inputs to the fair value measurement is unobservable
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
i. Foreign Currency Translation
Functional and Presentation Currency
Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (i.e. the "functional currency). The functional currency of the Company is the Indian Rupee. These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee.
Foreign currency Transactions and Balances
Foreign current Transactions are translated into the respective functional currencies using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the respective transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of foreign - currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities into the relevant functional currency at exchange rates in effect at the reporting date are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss and reported within foreign exchange gains / (losses).
Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of transaction.
j. Cash and Cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of balances with banks which are unrestricted for withdrawal and usage. For the purpose of presentation in the Statement of Cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, deposits held at call with Banks, other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash which are subject to an insignificant change in value.
Statement of cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit for the period is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.
k. Employee benefits
Defined Contribution Plans
The Company pays Provident Fund contributions payable to the recognized provident fund. The contributions are accounted for as defined contribution plans and recognized as employee benefit expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Defined Benefit Plans
The company provides a lump sum payment to eligible employees, at retirement or termination of employment based on the last drawn salary and years of employment with the Company as per the provisions of the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. The Company makes contributions to a fund administered and managed by the Saksoft Employees' Gratuity Trust to fund the gratuity liability.
The liability or asset recognized in the Balance Sheet in respect of a defined gratuity plan is the present value of defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. Gratuity liability is a defined benefit obligation and is recorded based on actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method made at the end of the year.
The present value of defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. The gratuity liability and net periodic gratuity cost is actuarially determined after considering discount rates, expected long term return on plan assets and increase in compensation levels.
Remeasurement gains or losses arising from Experience Adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period they occur, directly in the Other Comprehensive Income. They are included in the statement of changes in equity and in the Balance Sheet. Remeasurements comprising actuarial gains or losses and return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability) are not reclassified to Statement of Profit or Loss in subsequent periods.
Changes in present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Other short term Employee Benefits
As per the employment policy of the Company, employees are required to avail their annual leave by the end of the respective calendar year. At the end of the financial year, the Company accounts for the remaining short term compensated absences. Liability towards leave encashment is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Undiscounted liability of performance incentive is recognized during the period when the employee renders the services, based on management estimate.
Share-based payments
Employees of the Company receive remuneration in the form of equity settled instruments, for rendering services over a defined vesting period. Equity instruments granted are measured by reference to the fair value of the instrument at the date of the grant arrived at by using the Black-Scholes Model valuation and recognizes the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) over the vesting period.
The equity instruments generally vest in a graded manner over the vesting period. The stock compensation expense is determined based on company's estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest and be exercised. The expenses in respect of the above share based payment schemes is recognized over the vesting period in the Statement of Profit and Loss with a corresponding adjustment to the share based payment reserve, a component of equity.
l. Taxation
Income-tax expense comprises current tax (amount of tax for the period determined in accordance with The Income Tax law) and deferred tax charge or credit (reflecting the tax effects of temporary differences between tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements). Taxes are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent it relates to items directly recognized in equity or in the Other Comprehensive Income.
Current tax
Current income tax for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities based on the taxable income for the period. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the current tax amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date and applicable for the period. The Company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and liability simultaneously.
Deferred Income Tax
Deferred income tax is recognized using the Balance Sheet Approach. The corresponding deferred income tax liabilities or assets are recognized for deductible and taxable temporary differences between tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements.
Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized. Deferred tax income liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences.
The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.
Deferred income taxes are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
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