(g). Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive)
as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the
obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required
to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the
risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using
the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, it carrying amount is the
present value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is
material).
When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to
be recovered from a third party, a When some or all of the economic benefits required to
settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, a receivable is
recognised as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and
the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably.
Contingent Liabilities
Contingent liability is a possible obligation arising from past events and whose existence will
be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future
events not wholly within the control of the entity or a present obligation that arises from
past events but is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources
embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation or the amount of
theobligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.
(h) . Earnings per Share
The Company presents basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS") data for its equity
shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit and loss attributable to equity
shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares
outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit and loss
attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of equity shares
outstanding for theeffects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
(i) . Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and
short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject
to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash
flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term deposits, as defined
above.
(j) . Employee Benefits
Short Term Employee Benefits:
The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in
exchange for the services rendered by employees are recognised as an expense during the
period when the employees render the services.
Post Employee Benefits:
Defined Contribution Plans: - Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a
defined contribution scheme. The Company has no obligation, other than the contribution
payable to the provident fund. The Company recognises contribution payable to the fund as
an expense, when an employee renders the related service. If the contribution payable to
the scheme for service received before the balance sheet date exceeds the contribution
already paid, the deficit payable to the scheme is recognised as a liability after deducting
the contribution already paid.
Defined Benefit Plans: - The Company operates a defined benefit gratuity plan for employees.
The Company contributes to a fund, towards meeting the Gratuity obligation.
Gratuity liability is accounted for on the basis of actuarial valuation as per Ind AS 19
'Employee Benefits'. Liability recognized in the Balance Sheet in respect of gratuity is the
present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of each reporting period less the
fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by an
independent actuary using the projected unit credit method. The present value of defined
benefit is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to
market yield at the end of each reporting period on 9 years government bonds that have
terms approximate to the terms of the related obligation. Actuarial gain / loss pertaining to
gratuity is accounted for as OCI. All remaining components of costs are accounted for in
Statement of Profit and Loss.
(k) . Taxation
Income tax expense comprises current tax and the net change in the deferred tax asset
or liability during the year. Tax is recognised in Statement of Profit and Loss, except to
the extent that it relates to items recognised in the Other Comprehensive Income.
a. Current Tax: The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. The
Company's current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or
substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Advance taxes and provisions
for current income taxes are presented at net in the Balance Sheet after off-setting advance
tax paid and income tax provision.
b. Deferred Tax: Deferred Tax is recognised on temporary differences between the
carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the
corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax assets
are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is
probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary
differences can be utilized. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised if the
temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities in a
transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit. In addition,
deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the
initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they
relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the relevant entity
intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting
period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable
profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax
liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period
in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws)
that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences
that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the
reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Temporary differences arising as a result of changes in tax legislation. Accordingly,
when additional temporary differences arise as a result of the introduction of a new tax,
and not when an asset or a liability is first recognised, the deferred tax effect of the
additional temporary differences should be recognised.
(l) . Financial Instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when a Company becomes a party to
the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs
that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial
liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit and
loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial
liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the
acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss are
recognised immediately in statement of profit and loss.
i) . Financial Assets
Excluded are trade accounts receivables. At initial recognition trade accounts receivables (in
accordance with Ind AS 115) are measured at their transaction price and subsequently
measured at carrying value as of initial recognition less impairment allowance (if any).The
Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on
financial assets measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVTOCI, lease receivables,
trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset, and
financial guarantees not designated as at FVTPL. The expected credit loss approach requires
that all impacted financial assets will carry a loss allowance based on their expected
credit losses. Expected credit losses are a probability weighted estimate of credit losses
over thecontractual life of the financial assets.
For trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset
that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115, the Company
measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. The
impairment provisions for trade receivables is based on reasonable and supportable
information including historic loss rates, present developments such as liquidity issues
and information about future economic conditions, to ensure foreseeable changes in the
customer-specific or macroeconomic environment are considered.
ii) . Financial Liabilities
All Financial Liabilities are recognised at fair value and in case of borrowings, net of directly
attributable cost. Financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the
effective interest method. The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently
measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method.
Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of costs of an asset is included in the
'Finance costs'line item.
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial
liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate
is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and
points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate,
transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the
financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on
initial recognition.
The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when, the Company's
obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired. An exchange with a lender of
debt instruments with substantially different terms is accounted for as an extinguishment
of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. Similarly, a
substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability is accounted for as an
extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial
liability. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized
and the consideration paid and payable is recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies
The Company's financial liabilities comprise mainly of borrowings, trade payables.
The Company's financial assets comprise mainly trade receivables, cash and cash
equivalents, other balances with banks.
The Company's financial risk management is an integral part of how to plan and
execute its business strategies.
The Company's activities expose it to market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk.
Market Risk
Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of financial assets will fluctuate
because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: interest
raterisk, currency risk and other price risk.
Credit Risk Management
Credit Risk is the risk that a counter party will not meet its obligations under a financial
instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Company is exposed to
a credit risk from its operating activities (primarily trade receivables and advances to
suppliers) and from its financing activities, including deposits with banks and financial
institutions, and other financial instruments.
Liquidity Risk Management
Liquidity risk refers to the risk of financial distress or extraordinary high financing costs
arising due to shortage of liquid funds in a situation where business conditions unexpectedly
deteriorate and requiring financing. The Company requires funds both for short term
operational needs as well as for long term capital expenditure growth projects. The
Company generates sufficient cash flow for operations, which together with the
available cash and cash equivalents and short term investments provide liquidity in the short¬
term and long-term.
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