(B) Material accounting policies and key accounting estimates and judgements
1.1 Basis of preparation
(i) Compliance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS)
The standalone financial statements of the Company as at and for the year ended 31 March 2026 has been prepared and presented in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards (“Ind-AS”) notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (“the Act”) read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules 2015, as amended, and requirements of Division II of Schedule III to the Act, and other accounting principles generally accepted in India.
The standalone financial statements have been prepared by the Company on accrual basis as a going concern on the basis of relevant Ind AS that are effective or elected for early adoption at the Company's reporting date, 31 March 2026.
(ii) Basis of measurement
The standalone financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:
• Financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value or at amortised cost depending on classification;
• Derivative financial instruments is measured at fair value; and
• Defined benefit plans - plan assets measured at fair value.
(iii) Consistency of accounting policy
The accounting policies are applied consistently unless otherwise stated.
(iv) Functional currency and rounding of amounts
The standalone financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee (H) which is also the functional currency of the Company. All amounts disclosed in the standalone financial statements and notes have been rounded- off to the nearest lakhs or decimal thereof as per the requirement of Schedule III, unless otherwise stated. Amount less than H 500/- is presented as H 0.00 lakhs.
1.2 Current and non-current classification
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current and non-current as per the Company's normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in the Schedule III of the Act and Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements.
Assets:
An asset is classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:
a) it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the Company's normal operating cycle;
b) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
c) it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or
d) it is cash or a cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.
Liabilities:
A liability is classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria;
a) it is expected to be settled in the Company's normal operating cycle;
b) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
c) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or
d) the Company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.
Current assets and liabilities include the current portion of assets and liabilities, respectively. All other assets and liabilities are classified as non¬ current. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are always disclosed as non-current.
Based on the nature of products and the time between acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities.
1.3 Use of estimates and judgements
The preparation of standalone financial statements requires management of the Company to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and disclosures relating to contingent liabilities. Management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of the standalone financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed by Company's management at each reporting date. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Any revision of these estimates is recognised prospectively in the current and future periods.
Following are the critical judgements and estimates:
(i) Leases
Ind AS 116 “Leases” requires lessees to determine the lease term as the non¬ cancellable period of a lease adjusted with any option to extend or terminate the lease, if the use of such option is reasonably certain. The Company makes an assessment on the expected lease term on a lease-by-lease basis and thereby assesses whether it is reasonably certain that any options to extend or terminate the contract will be exercised. In evaluating the lease term, the Company considers factors such as any significant leasehold improvements undertaken over the lease term, costs relating to the termination of the lease and the importance of the underlying asset to Company's operations taking into account the location of the underlying asset and the availability of suitable alternatives. The lease term in future periods is reassessed to ensure that the lease term reflects the current economic circumstances.
The Company also exercises the judgement in assessing whether the plant and machinery utilised exclusively for production of the goods for customer is required to be considered as finance lease. In evaluating the agreement with customers, the Company considers the factors such as control of design and use of plant and machinery at its discretion over the economic useful life of these equipment.
(ii) Provisions and contingent liabilities
The Company exercises judgement in measuring and recognising provisions and the exposures to contingent liabilities related to pending litigation or other outstanding claims subject to negotiated settlement, mediation, government regulation, as well as other contingent liabilities. Judgement is necessary in assessing the likelihood that a pending claim will succeed, or a liability will arise, and to quantify the possible range of the financial settlement. Because of the inherent uncertainty in this evaluation process, actual losses may be different from the originally estimated provision. Provisions are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that the outflow of resources would be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed.
(i) Useful lives of property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets
Property, plant and equipment, and intangibles assets represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset's expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of Company's assets are determined by the Management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.
(ii) Expected credit loss
The Company applies Expected Credit Losses (“ECL”) model for measurement and recognition of loss allowance on the following:
• Trade receivables
• Financial assets measured at amortised cost (other than trade receivables).
• Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI).
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company applies ECL model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss on the trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 115.
For this purpose, the Company follows ‘simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on the trade receivable balances. The application of simplified approach does not require the Company to track changes in credit risk. Rather, it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from its initial recognition.
As a practical expedient, the Company uses a provision matrix to determine impairment loss allowance on portfolio of its trade receivables. The provision matrix is based on its historically observed default rates over the expected life of the trade receivables and is adjusted for
forward-looking estimates. At every reporting date, the historical observed default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analysed.
In case of other assets, the Company determines if there has been a significant increase in credit risk of the financial asset since initial recognition. If the credit risk of such assets has not increased significantly, an amount equal to twelve month ECL is measured and recognised as loss allowance. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, an amount equal to lifetime ECL is measured and recognised as loss allowance.
(iii) Accounting for defined benefit plans
In accounting for post-retirement benefits, several statistical and other factors that attempt to anticipate future events are used to calculate plan expenses and liabilities. These factors include expected return on plan assets, discount rate assumptions and rate of future compensation increases. To estimate these factors, actuarial consultants also use estimates such as withdrawal, turnover, and mortality rates which require significant judgement. The actuarial assumptions used by the Company may differ materially from actual results in future periods due to changing market and economic conditions, regulatory events, judicial rulings, higher or lower withdrawal rates, or longer or shorter participant life spans.
(iv) Impairment of non-financial assets
An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which an asset's or cash-generating unit's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. To determine the recoverable amount, management estimates expected future cash flows from each asset or cash generating unit and determines a suitable interest rate in order to calculate the present value of those cash flows. In the process of measuring expected future cash flows, Management makes assumptions about future operating results. These assumptions relate to future events and circumstances. The actual results may vary and may cause significant adjustments to the Company's assets.
In most cases, determining the applicable discount rate involves estimating the appropriate adjustment to market risk and the appropriate adjustment to asset- specific risk factors.
(v) Fair value of financial instruments
Management uses valuation techniques in measuring the fair value of financial instruments where active market quotes are not available. Details of the assumptions used are given in the notes regarding financial assets and liabilities. In applying the valuation techniques, Management makes maximum use of market inputs and uses estimates and assumptions that are, as far as possible, consistent with observable data that market participants would use in pricing the instrument. Where applicable data is not observable, Management uses its best estimate about the assumptions that market participants would make. These estimates may vary from the actual prices that would be achieved in an arm's length transaction at the reporting date.
1.4 Property, plant and equipment
(i) Recognition and measurement
All items of property, plant and equipment, including freehold land, are initially recorded at cost. Cost of property, plant and equipment comprises purchase price, non¬ refundable taxes, levies, and any directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for the intended use. The cost includes the cost of replacing part of the property, plant and equipment and borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying property, plant and equipment. Subsequent to initial recognition, property, plant and equipment other than freehold land are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Freehold land has an unlimited useful life and therefore is not depreciated. The carrying values of property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable (refer note 1.6 for more details). The Company had applied for the one-time transition exemption of considering the carrying cost on the transition date i.e., 1 April 2020 as the deemed cost under Ind AS. Hence regarded thereafter as historical cost. When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for
as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised as an asset if, and only if, it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Items such as spare parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment that meet the definition of property, plant and equipment are capitalised at cost and depreciated over their useful life. Costs in nature of repairs and maintenance are recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss as and when incurred.
Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each reporting date is disclosed as capital advance under non-current assets.
Capital work-in-progress included in non¬ current assets comprises of direct costs, related incidental expenses and attributable interest. Capital work-in-progress are not depreciated as these assets are not yet available for its intended use.
(ii) Depreciation
Depreciation on the property, plant and equipment (other than freehold land) is provided pro rata basis on straight line method based on useful life of the assets as prescribed in Schedule II to the Act except for certain class of assets, based on the technical evaluation and assessment, the Company believes that the useful lives adopted by it best represent the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use. Accordingly, for these assets, the useful lives estimated by the Company are different from those prescribed in the Schedule II.
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment, which are added/disposed-off during the year, is provided on pro-rata basis with reference to the month of addition/deletion, in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) are accounted for as a change
in an accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
Leasehold improvements are amortised over the lower of lease period or estimated useful life, on straight line basis from the date that they are available for use.
(iii) De-recognition
An item of property, plant and equipment, is de-recognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
1.5 Intangible assets
(i) Recognition and measurement
Intangible assets consists of computer software acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment loss, if any (refer note
1.6 for more details). Subsequent expenditures are capitalised only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate.
(ii) Amortisation
The Company amortises intangible assets with a finite useful life using the straight-line method over the following useful lives:
• Computer software 3 years
The amortisation period and the amortisation method for intangible assets with a finite useful life are reviewed at each reporting date.
(iii) De-recognition of intangible assets
Intangible assets are de-recognised either on their disposal or where no future economic benefits are expected from their use. Losses arising on such de-recognition are recorded in the profit or loss and are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds, if any, and the carrying amount of respective intangible assets as at the date of de-recognition.
1.6 Impairment of non-financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset's recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's cash-generating unit's (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value-in-use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. Assessment is also done at each Balance Sheet date as to whether there is any indication that an impairment loss recognised for an asset in prior accounting periods may no longer exist or may have decreased. Basis the assessment, a reversal of an impairment loss for an asset other than goodwill is recognised in the standalone Statement of Profit and Loss.
Impairment losses are recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
1.7 Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs consists of interest, ancillary costs and other costs in connection with the borrowing of funds and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.
Borrowing costs attributable to acquisition and/or construction of qualifying assets are capitalised as a part of the cost of such assets, up to the date such assets are ready for their intended use. Other borrowing costs are charged to the standalone statement of profit and loss.
1.8 Foreign currency transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the functional currency of the Company at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.
Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary items denominated in foreign currency at prevailing reporting date exchange rates are recognised in standalone statement of profit and loss. Non-monetary items are measured at historical cost (translated using the exchange rates at the transaction date), except for non-monetary items measured at fair value which are translated using the exchange rates at the date when fair value was determined.
1.9 Inventories
Inventories consists of raw materials and components, stores and spares, work-in-progress and finished goods and are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value after providing for obsolescence, if any.
Cost includes expenditures incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. In the case of finished goods and work-in-progress, cost includes an appropriate share of overheads based on normal operating capacity.
Cost of inventories is determined on a weighted moving average basis. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.
Raw materials and packing materials are considered at replacement cost if the finished products, in which they will be used, are expected to be sold at or above cost. Stores and spares are inventories that do not qualify to be recognised as property, plant and equipment and consists of packing materials, engineering spares (such as machinery spare parts), which are used in operating machines or consumed as indirect materials in the manufacturing process.
1.10 Revenue recognition
A contract with a customer exists only when: the parties to the contract have approved it and are committed to perform their respective obligations, the Company can identify each party's rights regarding the distinct goods or services to be transferred (“performance obligations”), the Company can determine the transaction price for the goods or services to be transferred, the contract has commercial substance and it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration to
which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer.
Revenues are recorded in the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for performance obligations upon transfer of control to the customer and is measured at the amount of transaction price allocated to that performance obligation. The transaction price of goods sold and services rendered is net of estimated incentives, returns, rebates and applicable trade discounts, allowances, Goods and Services Tax (GST) and amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
(i) Sale of products
The majority of customer contracts that the Company enters into consist of a single performance obligation for the delivery of products. The Company recognise revenue from product sales when control of the product transfers, generally upon shipment or delivery, to the customer. The Company records product sales net of estimated incentives/ discounts, returns, and other related charges. These are generally accounted for as variable consideration estimated in the same period the related sales occur. The methodology and assumptions used to estimate rebates and returns are monitored and adjusted regularly in the light of contractual and legal obligations, historical trends, past experience and projected market conditions. The revenue for such variable consideration is included in the Company's estimate of the transaction price only if it is highly probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. In making this assessment the Company considers its historical record of performance on similar contracts. The entire revenue from sale of products is recognised at a point in time.
(ii) Interest income
Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principle outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable,
which is the rate that discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.
(iii) Other income
Other income consists of miscellaneous income and is recognised when it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the Company and amount of income can be measured reliably.
l.H Employee benefits
(i) Short-term employee benefits
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short-term employee benefits. Benefits such as salaries, wages etc., and the expected cost of ex-gratia are recognised in the period in which the employee renders the related service. A liability is recognised for the amount expected to be paid if the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.
(ii) Defined contribution
Post-retirement contribution plans such as Employees' Provident Fund, Employees' Pension Scheme, Labour Welfare Fund, Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) are charged to the standalone statement of profit and loss for the period when the related employee services are received. The Company does not have any obligation other than the contribution made.
(iii) Defined benefit plans Gratuity obligations
Post-retirement benefit plans such as gratuity is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation made by an independent actuary as at the reporting date. Re-measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Re-measurement recognised in other comprehensive income is included in retained earnings and will not be reclassified to standalone statement of profit and loss.
The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on government bonds that have
terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation.
The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognised immediately in standalone statement of profit and loss as past service cost.
(iv) Other benefit plans
Liability in respect of compensated absences becoming due or expected to be availed within one year from the reporting date is recognised on the basis of undiscounted value of estimated amount required to be paid or estimated value of benefit expected to be availed by the employees. Liability in respect of compensated absences becoming due or expected to be availed more than one year after the reporting date is estimated on the basis of an actuarial valuation performed by an independent actuary using the projected unit credit method at the year-end. Actuarial gains/losses are immediately taken to the standalone statement of profit and loss and are not deferred. The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting period, regardless of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.
1.12 Taxes
Tax expense comprises of current tax expense and deferred tax expense/benefit. Current and deferred taxes are recognised in standalone statement of profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.
(i) Current income-tax
Current income-tax is the amount of tax payable on the taxable income for the year as determined in accordance with the provisions of the applicable income-tax law. The current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted, at
the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
(ii) Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognised using the Balance Sheet approach on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts.
A deferred tax liability is recognised based on the expected manner of realisation or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted, or substantively enacted, by the end of the reporting period.
Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised, except when the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable loss.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities.
1.13 Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is
(or contains) a lease is based on the substance of
the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
Company as a lessee
The Company's lease asset classes primarily consist of leases for factory buildings and commercial premises. The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether: (i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset (ii) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and (iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.
At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset (“ROU”) and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short¬ term leases) and low value leases. For these short¬ term and low value leases, the Company recognises the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
Certain lease arrangements includes the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities includes these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised. The right-of-use assets are initially recognised at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Right-of-use assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. Right of use assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable.
The lease liability is initially measured at amortised cost at the present value of the future lease
payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates in the country of domicile of these leases. Lease liabilities are remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the related right of use asset if the Company changes its assessment if whether it will exercise an extension or a termination option.
Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.
1.14 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank including fixed deposit with original maturity period of three months or less and short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less.
1.15 Cash flow statement
Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, where by profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.
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