1. Corporate Information
Vascon Engineers Limited (the “Company”) was incorporated on January 1, 1986 and is engaged in the business of Engineering, Procurement and Construction services (EPC) and Real Estate Development. The shares of the Company are listed on National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange.
The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is ‘ Vascon Weikfield chambers , Behind Novotel Hotel , Opposite Hyatt Hotel, Pune Nagar Road, Pune - 411014'.
The financial statements for the year ended March 31,2024 were approved by the Board of Directors and authorise for issue on May 21, 2024.
2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES:2.01 Statement of Compliance
In accordance with the notification issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, the Company has adopted Indian Accounting Standards (referred to as “Ind AS”) notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015.
2.02 Basis of preparation and presentation
The financial statements of the Company have been prepared on an accrual basis and under the historical cost convention except for certain financial instruments and equity settled employee stock options transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 102, which have been measured at fair value. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of consideration given in exchange of goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorized into Level 1,2 or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The accounting policies are consistently applied by the Company during the year and are consistent with those used in previous year.
2.03 Use of estimate
The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities, disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expense for the periods presented.
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised and future periods are affected. The management believes that the estimates used in preparation of the financial statements are prudent and reasonable. Future results could differ due to these estimates and differences between actual results and estimates are recognized in the periods in which the results are known/materialize.
Key source of estimation of uncertainty at the date of the financial statements, which may cause a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, is in respect of impairment of investments, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, valuation of deferred tax liabilities and provisions and contingent liabilities.
Evaluation of satisfaction of performance obligation for the purpose of revenue recognition
Determination of revenue under the satisfaction of performance obligation necessarily involves making estimates, some of which are of a technical nature, concerning, where relevant, the timing of satisfaction of performance obligation, costs to completion, the expected revenues from the project or activity and the foreseeable losses to completion. Estimates of project income, as well as project costs, are reviewed periodically. The Company recognises revenue when the Company satisfies its performance obligation.
Impairment of investments
The Company reviews its carrying value of investments carried at cost annually, or more frequently when there is indication for impairment. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is accounted for.
Useful lives of property, plant and equipment
The Company reviews the useful life of property, plant and equipment at the end of each reporting period. This reassessment may result in change in depreciation expense in future periods.
Valuation of deferred tax assets
The Company reviews recognition of deferred tax at the end of each reporting period. The policy for the same has been explained under Note 2.10
Determination of lease term & discount rate
Ind AS 116 Leases requires lessee to determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease adjusted with any option to extend or terminate the lease, if the use of such option is reasonably certain. The Company makes assessment on the expected lease term on lease by lease basis and thereby assesses whether it is reasonably certain that any options to extend or terminate the contract will be exercised. In evaluating the lease term, the Company considers factors such as any significant leasehold improvements undertaken over the lease term, costs relating to the termination of lease and the importance of the underlying to the Company's operations taking into account the location of the underlying asset and the availability of the suitable alternatives. The lease term in future periods is reassessed to ensure that the lease term reflects the current economic circumstances.
The discount rate is generally based on the incremental borrowing rate specific to the lease being evaluated or for a portfolio of leases with similar characteristics
Provisions and contingent liabilities
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount can be reliably estimated.
Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money (if the impact of discounting is significant) and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to unwinding of discount over passage of time is recognized as finance cost. Provisions are reviewed at the each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of economic resources will be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed.
A provision for onerous contracts is recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.
A disclosure for a contingent liability is made where there is a possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from the past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements. A contingent asset is neither recognised nor disclosed in the financial statements.
Fair value measurements and valuation processes
Some of the Company's assets and liabilities are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. The Company has obtained independent fair valuation for financial instruments wherever necessary to determine the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs for fair value measurements. In some cases the fair value of financial instruments is done internally by the management of the Company using market-observable inputs.
In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses market-observable data to the extent it is available. Where Level 1 inputs are not available, the Company engages third party qualified valuers to perform the valuation. The qualified external valuers establish the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs to the model. The external valuers report the management of the Company findings every reporting period to explain the cause of fluctuations in the fair value of the assets and liabilities.
Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of various assets and liabilities is disclosed in note 26.
2.04 Revenue Recognition / Cost Recognition
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Revenue is recognized when (or as) the company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (i.e. an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset.
When (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, the company recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price (excluding estimates of variable consideration) that is allocated to that performance obligation.
The Company applies the five-step approach for recognition of revenue:
• Identification of contract(s) with customers;
• Identification of the separate performance obligations in the contract;
• Determination of transaction price;
• Allocation of transaction price to the separate performance obligations; and
• Recognition of revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied.
a) Construction contracts
Revenue from fixed price construction contracts is recognised on the Percentage Of Completion Method (POCM). The stage of completion is determined by survey of work performed / completion of physical proportion of the contract work determined by technical estimate of work done / actual cost incurred in relation to total estimated contract cost, as the case may be. The estimate of total contract cost has been made at the time of commencement of contract work and reviewed and revised, by the technical experts, from time to time during period in which the contract work is executed. Future expected loss, if any, is recognised immediately as expenditure. In respect of unapproved revenue recognised, an adequate provision is made for possible reductions, if any. Contract revenue earned in excess of billing has been reflected as unbilled revenue under the head “Other Current Assets” “ and billing in excess of contract revenue has been reflected as Unearned Revenue under the head “Other Current Liabilities” in the Balance Sheet. The amount of retention money held by the customers pending completion of performance milestone is disclosed as part of contract asset and is reclassified as trade receivables.
Escalation claims raised by the Company are recognised when negotiations have reached an advanced stage such that customers will accept the claim and amount that is probable will be accepted by the customer can be measured reliably.
b) Real estate development
Revenue from real estate projects is recognised on ‘Completed contract method' of accounting as per IND AS 115, When
- the seller has transfered to the buyer all significant risk and rewards of ownership and seller retains no effective control of the real estate to a degree usally associated with owner ship.
- The seller has effectively handed over possession of the real estate unit to the buyer forming part of the transaction.
- No significant uncertianty exists regardging the amount of consideration that will be derived from real estate sales;and
- It is not unreasonable to expect ultimate collection of revenue from buyers.
c) Interest Income - Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset's net carrying amount on initial recognition.
d) Dividend Income - Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder's right to receive payment has been established (provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the amount of income can be measured reliably).
e) Rental Income - Income from letting-out of property is accounted on accrual basis - as per the terms of agreement and when the right to receive the rent is established.
f) Income from services rendered is recognised as revenue when the right to receive the same is established.
g) Profit on sale of investment is recorded upon transfer of title by the Company. It is determined as the difference between the sale price and the then carrying amount of the investment.
2.05 Cost of contruction / Development
Cost of construction/Development (Including cost of land) incurred is charged to statement of profit and loss proportionate to project area sold. Costs incurred for projects which have not received Occupancy/Completion certificate is carried over as construction work in progress. Costs incurred for projects which have received Occupancy/ Completion certificate is carried over as completed Finished Properties
2.06 Leases
Leases are accounted as per Ind AS 116 which has become mandatory from April 1, 2019.
The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at the inception of the contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether (i) the contract involves the use of identified asset; (ii) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset through the period of lease and (iii) the Company has right to direct the use of the asset
Company as a Lessee
The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.
Certain lease arrangements include the option to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. The right-of-use assets and lease liabilities include these options when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.
The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain re-measurements of the lease liability.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.
The lease liability is subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company's estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option.
When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.
Lease payments have been classified as financing activities in Statement of Cash Flow.
The Company has elected not to recognise right- of-use assets and lease liabilities for short term leases that have a lease term of less than or equal to 12 months with no purchase option and assets with low value leases. The Company recognises the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense in statement of profit and loss over the lease term. The related cash flows are classified as operating activities.
2.07 Foreign Currency
The functional currency of the Company is Indian rupee.
Initial Recognition
Income and expenses in foreign currencies are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction.
Conversion
Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate prevailing on the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses arising on settlement and restatement are recognised in the statement of profit and loss.
2.08 Borrowing Costs
Borrowing costs include interest, amortisation of ancillary costs incurred and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to the interest cost. Costs in connection with the borrowing of funds to the extent not directly related to the acquisition of qualifying assets are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss over the tenure of the loan. Borrowing costs, allocated to and utilised for qualifying assets, pertaining to the period from commencement of activities relating to construction / development of the qualifying asset up to the date of capitalisation of such asset are added to the cost of the assets. Capitalisation of borrowing costs is suspended and charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss during extended periods when active development activity on the qualifying assets is interrupted.
Advances/deposits given to the vendors under the contractual arrangement for acquisition/construction of qualifying assets is considered as cost for the purpose of capitalization of borrowing cost.
Interest income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.
All other borrowing costs are recognised in statement of profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.
2.09 Employee benefits
a) Short-term Employee Benefits -
The undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange of services rendered by the employees is recognised during the year when the employees render the service.
These benefits include performance incentive and compensated absences which are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related service. The cost of short-term compensated absences is accounted as under:
(a) in case of accumulated compensated absences, when employees render the services that increase their entitlement of future compensated absences; and
(b) in case of non-accumulating compensated absences, when the absences occur.
b) Post Employment Benefits -
(1) Defined Contribution Plan:
Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit schemes viz. Company's Provident Fund Scheme and Superannuation Fund are recognised as an expense when the employees have rendered the service entitling them to the contribution. The company has no furthur obligation once the contribution have been paid.
(2) Defined Benefit Plan:
For defined benefit retirement benefit plans, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period. Remeasurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding interest), is reflected immediately in the statement of financial position with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur.
Remeasurement recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and will not be reclassified to profit or loss. Past service cost is recognised in profit or loss in the period of a plan amendment. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset. Defined benefit costs are categorised as follows:
• service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses on curtailments and settlements);
• net interest expense or income; and
• remeasurement.
Gratuity: The Company has an obligation towards gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan covering eligible employees. The plan provides for a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death while in employment or on termination of employment of an amount equivalent to 15/26 days salary payable for each completed year of service. Vesting occurs upon completion of five years of service. The Company accounts for the liability for gratuity benefits payable in future based on an independent actuarial valuation. The Company has taken a Group Gratuity cum Life Assurance Scheme with LIC of India for future payment of gratuity to the eligible employees.
c) Other Long-term Employee Benefits -
Compensated Absences: The Company provides for the encashment of compensated absences with pay subject to certain rules. The employees are entitled to accumulate compensated absences subject to certain limits, for future encashment. Such benefits are provided based on the number of days of un utilised compensated absence on the basis of an independent actuarial valuation.
Share-based Payments
The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model.
The cost is recognized, together with a corresponding increase in share-based payment reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and / or service conditions are fulfilled in employee benefits expense. The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Companies best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The statement of profit and loss expense or credit for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognised as at the beginning and end of that period and is recognized in employee benefits expense.
2.10 Taxation
Income tax expense comprises current tax expense and the net change in the deferred tax asset or liability during the year. Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively. Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.
Current income tax
The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from ‘profit before tax' as reported in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income/statement of profit or loss because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible.
The Company's current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Advance taxes and provisions for current income taxes are presented in the balance sheet after off-setting advance tax paid and income tax provision arising in the same tax jurisdiction and where the relevant tax paying units intends to settle the asset and liability on a net basis.
Deferred income taxes
Deferred income tax is recognised using the balance sheet approach. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognised for deductible and taxable temporary differences arising between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount, except when the deferred income tax arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss at the time of the transaction.
Deferred income tax asset are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised. The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilised.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be received or settled.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the relevant entity intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
Deferred tax assets include Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws in India, which is likely to give future economic benefits in the form of availability of set off against future income tax liability. Accordingly, MAT is recognised as deferred tax asset in the balance sheet when the asset can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefit associated with the asset will be realised.
The Company recognises interest levied and penalties related to income tax assessments in income tax expenses.
2.11 Property, Plant and Equipment
Property plant & equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction where cost includes amount added/deducted on revaluation less accumulated depreciation / amortization and impairment loss, if any. All costs relating to the acquisition and installation of fixed assets are capitalised and include borrowing costs relating to funds attributable to construction or acquisition of qualifying assets, up to the date the asset / plant is ready for intended use. The cost of replacing a part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant and equipment, if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodies within the part will flow to the Company and its cost can be measured reliably with the carrying amount of the replaced part getting derecognized. The cost for day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss as and when incurred.
Depreciation on tangible property plant & equipment has been provided on written down value method as per the useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 except in respect of plant and machinery, in whose case the life of the assets has been assessed based on the technical advice, taking into account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset, past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance support, etc. The Company has based on technical advice considered the useful life of the plant and machinery to be 6-15 years which is different from the useful life specified in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013.
Property Plant & Equipment individually costing Rs. 5,000 or less are depreciated fully in the year of acquisition. Depreciation on assets acquired/purchased, sold/discarded during the year is provided on a pro-rata basis from the date of each addition / till the date of sale/ discard.
The estimated useful life and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.
If significant events or market developments indicate an impairment in the value of the tangible asset, management reviews the recoverability of the carrying amount of the asset by testing for impairment. The carrying amount of the asset is compared with the recoverable amount, which is defined as the higher of the assets fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. To determine the recoverable amount on the basis of value in use, estimated future cash flows are discounted at a rate which reflects the risk specific to the asset. If the net carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount, an impairment loss is recognised. When estimating future cash flows, current and expected future inflows, technological, economic and general developments are taken into account. If an impairment test is carried out on tangible assets at the level of a cash-generating unit, an impairment loss is recognised, taking into account the fair value of the assets. If the reason for an impairment loss recognised in prior years no longer exists, the carrying amount of the tangible asset is increased to a maximum figure of the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised.
2.12 Investment Properties
The Company has elected to continue with the carrying value for all of its investment property as recognized in its Initial GAAP financial statements as deemed cost at the transition date. Investment properties are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are states at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss, if any.
2.13 Intangible Assets
Intangible assets acquired separately:
Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on written down value method over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.
2.14 Goodwill
The company records its investments in equity shares of subsidiaries, joint ventures, and associates at cost and reviews them for impairment annually. If there's any indication of impairment, the value of the investment is immediately written down to its recoverable amount. When the company disposes of these investments, any difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amounts are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.”
2.15 Impairment
Financial assets (other than at fair value)
The Company assesses at each date of balance sheet whether a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired.
Ind AS 109 requires expected credit losses to be measured through a loss allowance. The Company recognises lifetime expected losses for all contract assets and / or all trade receivables that do not constitute a financing transaction.
The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset and financial guarantees not designated as at FVTPL.
Expected credit losses are the weighted average of credit losses with the respective risks of default occurring as the weights. Credit loss is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive (i.e. all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original effective interest rate (or credit-adjusted - effective interest rate for purchased, or originated credit impaired financial assets). The Company estimates cash flows by considering all contractual term of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, extension, call and similar options) through the expected life of that financial instrument.
The Company measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. If the credit risk on a financial instrument has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Company measures the loss allowance for that financial instrument at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses. 12-month expected credit losses are portion of the life-time expected credit losses and represent the lifetime cash shortfalls that will result if default occurs within the 12 months after the reporting date and thus, are not cash shortfalls that are predicted over the next 12 months.
If the Company measured loss allowance for a financial instrument at lifetime expected credit loss model in the previous period, but determines at the end of a reporting period that the credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition due to improvement in credit quality as compared to the previous period, the Company again measures the loss allowance based on 12-month expected credit losses.
When making the assessment of whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, the Company uses the change in the risk of a default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument instead of the change in the amount of expected credit losses. To make that assessment, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition and considers reasonable and supportable information, that is available without undue cost or effort, that is indicative of significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition.
For trade receivables or any contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset that result from transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 11 and Ind AS 18, the Company always measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on a provision matrix which takes into account historical credit loss experience and adjusted for forward-looking information.
Non-financial assets Tangible and intangible assets
Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite life are evaluated for recoverability whenever there is any indication that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount (i.e. higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
2.16 Inventories
a) Stock of Materials
Stock of materials has been valued at lower of cost or net realisable value. The cost is determined on Weighted Average method.
b) Development Work
Stock of Units in completed projects and work in progress are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is aggregate of land cost, materials, contract work, direct expenses, provisions and apportioned borrowing cost.
c) Stock of Trading Goods
Stock of trading goods has been stated at cost or net realisable whichever is lower. The cost is determined on Weighted Average Method.
2.17 Financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value measured on initial recognition of financial asset or financial liability, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price.
Cash and cash equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments, which are readily convertible into known amounts of cash that are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value and having original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of balances with banks which are unrestricted for withdrawal and usage.
Financial assets at amortised cost
Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost if these financial assets are held within a business whose objective is to hold these assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
Effective Interest Method
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition. Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Interest income is recognised in profit or loss and is included in the “Other income” line item.
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Financial assets are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if these financial assets are held within a business whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
Financial guarantee contracts:
These are initially measured at their fair values and, are subsequently measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined or the amount initially recognised less, the cumulative amount of income recognised.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss unless it is measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income on initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are immediately recognised in profit or loss.
Investment in subsidiaries
Investment in subsidiaries are measured at cost as per Ind AS 27 - Separate Financial Statements.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Effective Interest Method
The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.
Equity instruments
An equity instrument is a contract that evidences residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of its liabilities. Company recognises equity instrument at proceeds received net of direct issue costs.
Reclassification of Financial Assets
The Company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be infrequent. The Company's senior management determines change in the business model as a result of external or internal changes which are significant to the company's operations. Such changes are evident to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when a company either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the Company reclassifies financial assets, it applies the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next reporting period following the change in business model. The Company does not restate any previously recognized gains, losses (including impairment gains and losses) or interest.
Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance Sheet if there is currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.
2.18 Earnings Per Share (EPS)
The Company reports basic and diluted earnings per share in accordance with Ind AS 33 on Earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit or loss for the period by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit or loss for the period by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period as adjusted for the effects of all diluted potential equity shares except where the results are anti-dilutive.
2.19 Critical Accounting Judgments and key sources of estimation, uncertainty
The preparation of financial statements and related notes in accordance with Ind AS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, and revenues and expenses.
Actual results could differ from those estimates due to those uncertainties on which assumptions are based. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed annually in order to verify they still reflect the best available knowledge of the Company's operations and of other factors deriving from actual circumstances. Changes, if any, are immediately accounted for in the income statement.
The present economic context, whose effects are spread into some businesses in which the Group operates, determined the need to make assumptions related to future development with a high degree of uncertainty. For this reason, it is not possible to exclude that, in the next or in subsequent financial years, actual results may differ from estimated results. These differences, at present unforeseeable and unpredictable, may require adjustments to book values. Estimates are used in many areas, including accounting for non-current assets, deferred tax assets, bad debt provisions on accounts receivable, inventory obsolescence, employee benefits, contingent liabilities and provisions for risks and contingencies.
2.20 Cash flow statement
The Cash Flow Statement is prepared by the indirect method set out in Ind AS 7 on Cash Flow Statements and presents cash flows by operating, investing and financing activities of the Company.
2.21 Current/Non-Current Classification
The Company presents assets and liabilities in the balance sheet based on current/non-current classification. An asset is classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:
- It is expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle
- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
- It is expected to be realized within 12 months after the date of reporting period, or
- Cash and cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least 12 months after reporting period. Current assets include the current portion of non-current financial assets.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:
- It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle
- It is held primarily for the purpose of trading
- It is due to be settled within 12 months after the reporting period, or
- There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period Current liabilities include the current portion of long term financial liabilities.
The Company classifies all other liabilities as non-current.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets and their realization in cash and cash equivalents. The Company has identified 12 months as its operating cycle. In case of project business, operating cycle is dependent on life of specific project/ contract/ service, hence current non-current bifurcation relating to project is based on expected completion date of project which generally exceeds 12 months
2.22 Share Capital Ordinary Shares
Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs, if any, directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares are recognized as a deduction from other equity, net of any tax effects.
2.23 Fair Value Measurement
Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell an asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- in the principle market for the asset or liability
- in the absence of principle market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.
The principle or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.
The fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
- Level 1 - Quoted (Unadjusted) Market prices in active markets for incidental assets or liabilities
- Level 2 -Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
- Level 3 - Valuation Techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers that have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
Determination of Fair Value1) Financial Assets - Debt Instruments at amortized cost
After initial measurement the financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or cost that are an integral part of the EIR.
2) Financial Assets - Debt Instruments at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVTOCI)
Measured initially as well as at each reporting date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from the equity to P&L.
3) Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at Fair Value through Profit or Loss (FVTPL)
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
4) Financial Liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit & loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.
All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Companies financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent Measurement Fair value through Profit & Loss
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit & loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. All changes in fair value of such liabilities are recognized in statement of profit or loss.
Loans and Borrowings
After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR amortization process. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the statement of profit and loss.
5) Embedded Derivatives
An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid (combined) instrument that also includes a non-derivative host contract - with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a standalone derivative. If the hybrid contract contains a host that is a financial asset within the scope of IND AS 109, the Company does not separate embedded derivatives. Rather, it applies the classification requirements contained in IND AS 109 to the entire hybrid contract. These embedded derivatives are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss.
2.24 Recent accounting pronoucements
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) notifies new Standards or Amendments to the existing Standards under Companies (Indian accounting standards) Rules as issued from time to time. For the year ended 31 March 2024 MCA has not notified any new Standdards or Amendments to the exsiting Standards applicable to the Company.
2.25 Dividend
Dividend on share is recorded as liability on the date of approval by the shareholders.
2.26 Investments
Long Term Investments are carried at cost. Provision for diminution is made to recognize the decline, other than temporary in the value of these investments. Current investments are carried at lower of the cost and fair value.
2.27 Associates and joint ventures
Associates and joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method at cost at the date of acquisition. In subsequent periods, the carrying amount is adjusted up or down to reflect the Company's share of the comprehensive income of the investee. Any distributions received from the investee and other changes in the investees equity reduce or increase the carrying amount of the investment. If the losses of an associate or joint venture attributable to the Company equal or exceed the value of the interest held in this associate or joint venture, no further losses are recognised unless the Company incurs an obligation or makes payments on behalf of the associate or joint venture. If there are any indications of impairment in the investments in associates or joint ventures, the carrying amount of the relevant investment is subject to an impairment test. If the reason for an impairment loss recognised in prior years no longer exists, the carrying amount of the investment is increased to a maximum figure of the share of net assets in the associate or joint venture.
2.28 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
Non-current assets are classified separately in the balance sheet as held for sale if they are available for sale in their present condition and the sale is highly probable. Assets that are classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and their fair value less costs to sell. Liabilities classified as directly related to non-current assets held for sale are disclosed separately as held for sale in the liabilities section of the balance sheet. For discontinued operations, additional disclosures are required in the Notes, as long as the requirements for classification as discontinued operations are met.
2.29 Segment Reporting
The Company identifies primary segments based on the dominant source, nature of risks and returns and the internal organisation and management structure. The operating segments are the segments for which separate financial information is available and for which operating profit / loss amounts are evaluated regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.
‘The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in line with the accounting policies of the Company. Segment revenue, segment expenses, segment assets and segment liabilities have been identified to segments on the basis of their relationship to the operating activities of the segment. Inter-segment revenue is accounted on the basis of transactions which are primarily determined based on market / fair value factors. Revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities which relate to the Company as a whole and are not allocable to segments on reasonable basis have been included under “unallocated revenue / expenses / assets / liabilities”.
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