We have audited the accompanying Standalone Financial Statements of Niyogin Fintech Limited ("the Company"), which comprise the standalone Balance Sheet as at March 31, 2025, and the standalone Statement of Profit and Loss (including Other Comprehensive Income), the standalone Statement of Changes in Equity and the standalone Statement of Cash Flows for the year then ended, and notes to the standalone financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information ("the Standalone Financial Statements").
In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the aforesaid Standalone Financial Statements give the information required by the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act') in the manner so required and give a true and fair view in conformity with the Indian Accounting Standards prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended, the relevant circulars, guidelines and directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India ("RBI") from time to time ("RBI Guidelines") and other accounting principles generally accepted in India, of the state of affairs of the Company as at March 31, 2025, of its loss (including other comprehensive loss), its cash flows and the changes in equity for the year ended on that date.
BASIS FOR OPINION
We conducted our audit in accordance with the Standards on Auditing (SAs) specified under Section 143(10) of the Act. Our responsibilities under those Standards are further described in the Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the
Standalone Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the Code of Ethics issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ("ICAI") together with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the Standalone Financial Statements under the provisions of the Act and the Rules thereunder, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the ICAI's Code of Ethics. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion on the Standalone Financial Statements.
KEY AUDIT MATTERS
Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the Standalone Financial Statements for the financial year ended March 31, 2025. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the Standalone Financial Statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.
We have determined the matters described below to be the key audit matters to be communicated in our report. We have fulfilled the responsibilities described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the Standalone Financial Statements section of our report, including in relation to these matters. Accordingly, our audit included the performance of procedures designed to respond to our assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the Standalone Financial Statements. The results of our audit procedures, including the procedures performed to address the matters below, provide the basis for our audit opinion on the accompanying Standalone Financial statements.
Classification and measurement of loans and allowance for Expected Credit Loss (ECL) on Loans
Charge to the Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended 31 March 2025 - 931.25 Lakhs Total ECL Provision as at March 31, 2025 - 1,550.01 Lakhs (including management overlay of ' 256.00 Lakhs)
Refer accounting policies in Note 3.6 to the standalone financial statements
Key Audit Matter
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How the key audit matter was addressed in our audit
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Impairment loss on loans is provided for using Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model under Ind AS. This involves a high degree of estimation uncertainty. Significant management judgement is required application of measurement principles in following areas:
• Defining of thresholds for significant increase in credit risk and default
• Selection and input of various qualitative and quantitative factors
• Assessment of credit characteristics of the loan portfolio
• Determination of Probabilities of Default ("PD") and Loss Given Default ("LGD") based on historical trends.
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Our audit approach was a combination of test of internal controls and substantive procedures.
Board approved ECL policy was examined in view of characteristics of loans disbursed during the year. Its compliance with principles of Ind AS 109 was assessed.
We performed walkthroughs to identify the key systems, applications and controls used in the ECL process. We tested the relevant manual controls, general IT and application controls over key systems used in ECL process.
Evaluated management's controls over collation of relevant information used for determining estimates for management overlays. We tested design and operating effectiveness of key controls around data extraction and validation.
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Key Audit Matter
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How the key audit matter was addressed in our audit
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• Estimation of forward looking economic scenarios
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We discussed with the management, the methodologies used
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and assignment of probability weights
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for ECL estimation for various kinds of loans, evaluated the
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• Adjustments to model ECL to address emerging trends
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appropriateness thereof and reasonableness of assumptions used therein.
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This process requires analysis of large volumes of
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We verified the methodology of the computation of staging of loans,
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data. The completeness and accuracy of data, and
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estimation of probability of default, its calibration, and estimation
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implementation of related internal controls, can significantly impact reliability of the modelled impairment
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of loss given default.
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provisions.
As at 31 March 2025, the gross carrying value of loans
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We examined adjustments to output of ECL model and its consistency with documented rationale.
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assets of ' 23,729.60 lakhs constituted 50% of the total
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We assessed whether the disclosures on key judgements,
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assets of the Company.
The disclosures (including disclosures prescribed by RBI)
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assumptions, and quantitative data with respect to impairment of loans are appropriate and sufficient.
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regarding the Company's application of Ind AS 109 are
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Performed substantive procedures for testing the ECL Model
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the key to explaining the judgements and material inputs
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and computation of ECL amount included and not limited to the
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to the ECL results.
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following:
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The classification and measurement of loans and
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• Testing system generated reports on ageing and defaults
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measurement of impairment loss allowance is as a
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with underlying transactions, on sample basis.
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key audit matter in view of its inherent complexity,
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• Testing the process of staging of loan assets basis their days
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management judgement and estimates involved and significance to the financial statements, of the affected
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past due and other loss indicators, on sample basis.
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account balances and related disclosures.
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• Testing computation of underlying factors of PD and LGD based on historical data.
• Performance of cut-off procedures to ensure the completeness of the data used. Reconciliation of total financial assets considered for ECL estimation with the books of accounts.
• Review of assessment performed for forward looking macro¬ economic factors used in estimating management overlay.
• Reperforming of the formulas to check mathematical accuracy of the computation of ECL.
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INFORMATION OTHER THAN THE STANDALONE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND AUDITOR'S REPORT THEREON
The Company's Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation of other information. The other information comprises the information included in the Board's Report (including Annexures thereto) and Management Discussion And Analysis ("MD&A") collectively referred to as "Other Information"), but does not include the Standalone Financial Statements and our auditor's report thereon. The Other Information referred above is expected to be made available to us after the date of this auditor's report.
Our opinion on the Standalone Financial Statements does not cover the Other Information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.
In connection with our audit of the Standalone Financial Statements, our responsibility is to read the Other Information identified above when it becomes available and, in doing
so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the Standalone Financial Statements or our knowledge obtained during the course of our audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated.
When we read the Other Information if we conclude that there is a material misstatement therein, we are required to communicate the matter to those charged with governance and determine the actions under the applicable laws and regulations.
We have nothing to report in this regard.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANAGEMENT AND THOSE CHARGED WITH GOVERNANCE FOR THE STANDALONE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company's Board of Directors is responsible for the matters stated in Section 134(5) of the Act with respect to the preparation of these standalone financial statements that give a true and fair view of the financial position,
financial performance, changes in equity and cash flows of the Company in accordance with the Indian Accounting Standards prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended issued thereunder. This responsibility also includes maintenance of adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of the Act for safeguarding of the assets of the Company and for preventing and detecting frauds and other irregularities; selection and application of appropriate accounting policies; making judgments and estimates that are reasonable and prudent; and design, implementation and maintenance of adequate internal financial controls, that were operating effectively for ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, relevant to the preparation and presentation of the standalone financial statement that give a true and fair view and are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the standalone financial statements, the Board of Directors is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Board of Directors either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.
Those Board of Directors are also responsible for overseeing the Company's financial reporting process.
AUDITOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE STANDALONE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the standalone financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with SAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these standalone financial statements.
As part of an audit in accordance with SAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also:
• Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
• Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are
appropriate in the circumstances. Under Section 143(3) (i) of the Act, we are also responsible for expressing our opinion on whether the Company has internal financial controls with reference to financial statements in place and the operating effectiveness of such controls.
• Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.
• Conclude on the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor's report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
• Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation and
• Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the Standalone Financial Statements of the Company to express an opinion thereon.
We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.
We also provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.
From the matters communicated with those charged with governance, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period and are therefore, the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor's report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.
REPORT ON OTHER LEGAL AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
1. As required by the Companies (Auditor's Report) Order, 2020 ("the Order"), issued by the Central Government of India in terms of sub-section (11) of Section 143 of the Act, we give in ''Annexure A" a statement on the matters specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Order, to the extent applicable.
2. As required by Section 143(3) of the Act, we report that:
(a) We have sought and obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our knowledge and belief were necessary for the purposes of our audit.
(b) In our opinion, proper books of account as required by law have been kept by the Company so far as it appears from our examination of those books.
(c) The Standalone Balance Sheet, the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss, the Standalone Statement of Changes in Equity and the Standalone Statement of Cash Flow dealt with by this Report are in agreement with the books of account.
(d) In our opinion, the aforesaid Standalone Financial Statements comply with the Accounting Standards specified under Section 133 of the Act, read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015.
(e) On the basis of the written representations received from the directors as on March 31, 2025 taken on record by the Board of Directors, none of the directors are disqualified as on March 31, 2025 from being appointed as a director in terms of Section 164 (2) of the Act.
(f) With respect to the adequacy of the internal financial controls with reference to standalone financial statements of the Company and the operating effectiveness of such controls, refer to our separate Report in “Annexure B".
3. With respect to the matter to be included in the Auditor's Report under Section 197(16) of the Act, based on our audit and according to the information and explanations given to us, the remuneration paid by the Company to its directors during the current year is in accordance with the provisions of and limit laid down under Section 197 read with Schedule V of the Act.
4. With respect to the other matters to be included in the Auditor's Report in accordance with Rule 11 of the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014 as amended, in our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us we report as under:
i. The Company does not have any pending litigations which would impact its financial position;
ii. The Company did not have any long-term contracts including derivative contracts for which there were any material foreseeable losses;
iii. There were no amounts which were required to be transferred to the investor Education and Protection Fund by the Company;
iv. (a) The Management has represented to
us that, to the best of its knowledge and belief, no funds (which are material either individually or in the aggregate) have been advanced or loaned or invested (either from borrowed funds or share premium or any other sources or kind of funds) by the Company to or in any other person or entity, including foreign entity ("Intermediaries"), with the understanding, whether recorded in writing or otherwise, that the Intermediary shall, whether, directly or indirectly lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Company ("Ultimate Beneficiaries") or provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries;
(b) The Management has also represented to us, that, to the best of its knowledge and belief, no funds (which are material either individually or in the aggregate) have been received by the Company from any person or entity, including foreign entity ("Funding Parties"), with the understanding, whether recorded in writing or otherwise, that the Company shall, whether, directly or indirectly, lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Funding Party ("Ultimate Beneficiaries") or provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries;
(c) Based on the audit procedures that have been considered reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances, nothing has come to our notice that has caused us to believe that the representations under sub-clause (i) and (ii) contain any material misstatement.
v. No dividend was declared or paid by the Company during the year.
vi. Based on our examination, which included test checks, the Company has used accounting software for maintaining its books of account for the financial year ended March 31, 2025 which has a feature of recording audit trail (edit log) facility and the same has operated throughout the year for all relevant transactions recorded in the software. Further, during the course of our audit we did not come across any instance of the audit trail feature being tampered with and the audit trail has been preserved by the Company as per the statutory requirements for record retention.
For Pijush Gupta & Co
Chartered Accountants ICAI Firm Registration Number: 309015E
Pijush Kumar Gupta
Partner
Membership Number: 015139 UDIN: 25015139BMOZQV5141
Kolkata May 15, 2025
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