To the Members of Refex Industries Limited
Report on the Audit of the Standalone Ind AS Financial Statements
Opinion
We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Refex Industries Limited ("the Company") which comprise the Balance Sheet as at March 31,2025 and the Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended, including the statement of Other Comprehensive Income, the Cash Flow Statement and the Statement of Changes in Equity for the year then ended, and notes to the Ind AS financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information.
In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the aforesaid standalone Ind AS financial statements give the information required by the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") in the manner so required and give a true and fair view in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in India, of the state of affairs of the Company as at March 31, 2025, its Profit including other comprehensive income, its cash flows and the changes in equity for the year ended on that date.
Basis for Opinion
We conducted our audit of the Standalone Ind AS financial statements in accordance with the Standards on Auditing (SAs), as specified under section 143(10) of the Act. Our responsibilities under those Standards are further described in the 'Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Standalone Ind AS Financial Statements' section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the 'Code of Ethics' issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India together with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements under the provisions of the Act and the Rules thereunder, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the Code of Ethics. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion on the Standalone Ind AS financial statements.
Key Audit Matters
Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the standalone financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the standalone financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. We have determined the matters described below to be the key audit matters to be communicated in our report.
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S.
No.
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Key Audit Matters
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Auditor's Response
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1
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Assessment of Contingent liabilities in respect of certain litigations relating to direct taxes & indirect taxes and various claims led by other parties not acknowledged as debt.
There is a high level of judgement required in estimating the contingent liabilities. The company's assessment of contingent liabilities is supported by the facts of the matter, the Company's judgement thereon, past experiences and advice from legal and independent tax consultants wherever necessary.
Accordingly, unexpected adverse outcomes which may significantly impact the reported profits and net assets are disclosed in Note 37 of the financial statements.
We identified the above area as Key Audit Matters in view of associated uncertainty relating to the outcome of these matters.
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We have obtained an understanding of the Company's procedure in respect of estimation and disclosure of contingent liabilities and adopted the following audit procedure:
• Reviewing the current status and material developments of legal matters.
• Examining recent orders from competent authorities and/ or communication received from various authorities, judicial forums and follow-up action thereon.
• Review and analysis of evaluation of the contentions of the company through discussions, collection of details of the subject matter under consideration, the likely outcome and consequent potential outcomes on those issues.
• Based on the above procedures performed, the estimation and disclosures of contingent liabilities is considered to be adequate and reasonable.
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2
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Revenue recognition for ash disposal services
The entity provides ash disposal services to various clients, involving collection, transportation, and disposal of ash material. Assessment of whether the entity properly identifies distinct performance obligations related to ash disposal services, considering factors such as contractual terms, service delivery schedule, and client expectations.
Evaluation of the entity's process for determining when control of the ash disposal services is completed. This involves reviewing contracts, service delivery documentation, and assessing whether the criteria for revenue recognition (such as customer acceptance, certification from third parties for completion of services) are met.
The Company verifies the accuracy and completeness of the transaction price attributed to ash disposal services, including any variable consideration, discounts, and incentives offered to customers.
The revenue recognition for ash disposal services is a significant audit matter due to the complexity involved in determining the appropriate timing and amount of revenue recognized under Ind AS 115.
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In view of the significance of the matter we applied the
following audit procedures in this area, among others to
obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence:
• Our audit procedures addressed whether the entity has correctly identified the distinct performance obligations in its Ash disposal contracts (e.g., collection, transportation, disposal).
• Assessing the appropriateness of the estimated adjustments in the process;
• We assessed whether the entity has appropriately allocated the transaction price to the identified performance obligations.
• We evaluated the effectiveness of controls over identifying and estimating variable consideration (e.g., volume-based fees) and tested the operating effectiveness of these controls to ensure accurate recognition of revenue associated with variable consideration.
• We evaluated the entity's method for measuring progress towards completion of ash disposal services for long-term contracts.
• We tested the calculations used to determine the amount of revenue recognized based on the actual quantity of ash disposed during the period.
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3
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Trade Receivables and Contract Assets - Coal and Ash Handling Segment
As of March 31, 2025, the value of trade receivables and contract assets relating to the Ash and Coal Handling segment amounted to
Rs. 80,728.08 lakhs, representing approximately 48.02 % of the total assets.
The recognition of contract assets requires significant management judgement, particularly in measuring quantities of ash disposed, and obtaining customer certification for work completed. Unbilled revenue and price variations are recognized based on contractual terms and quantity disposed based on the DPR prepared by the management. Estimation is involved in ascertaining sale quantity for unbilled revenue as the UOM considered for billing is different from the UOM adopted in the DPR.
Daily Progress Report (DPR) is prepared by the management, recording the quantum of ash disposal made site-wise.
Furthermore, the Company evaluates trade receivables for expected credit losses (ECL) using a provision matrix. This involves assessing customer credit risk, payment history, and applying historical loss rates adjusted for current and forecasted economic conditions.
Due to the significant estimates and assumptions involved in determining the recoverability of contract assets and measuring the ECL on trade receivables of Ash and Coal Handling Business, we have identified this area as a key audit matter.
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Given the significance of trade receivables and contract assets, and the judgement involved in their recognition and impairment, our audit procedures included:
• Reviewing key customer contracts to assess revenue recognition terms.
• Verifying, on a sample basis, the computation of unbilled revenue and disposal quantity estimates.
• Examining subsequent invoicing and collections to identify impairment indicators.
• Assessing historical recoverability and reviewing customer communications for material balances.
• Testing internal controls over revenue recognition and ECL measurement.
• Evaluating the Company's credit control procedures, ageing analysis, and impairment assessments.
• Reviewing management's ECL model, including historical trends, current data, and forward-looking assumptions.
Obtaining customer confirmations and assessing related financial statement disclosures under Ind AS 115 and Ind AS 109.
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Information Other than the Financial Statements and Auditor's Report Thereon
The Company's Board of Directors is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the Annual report but does not include the Ind AS financial statements and our auditor's report thereon.
Our opinion on the standalone Ind AS financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.
In connection with our audit of the standalone Ind AS financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether such other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements, or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.
Management's Responsibility for the Standalone Ind AS Financial Statements
The Company's board of directors is responsible for the matters stated in section 134(5) of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") with respect to the preparation of these Standalone Ind AS financial statements that give a true and fair view of the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the Company in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in India, including the accounting standards prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with relevant rules issued thereunder.
This responsibility also includes maintenance of adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of the Act for safeguarding the assets of the Company and for preventing and detecting frauds and other irregularities; selection and application of appropriate accounting policies; making judgments and estimates that are reasonable and prudent; and design, implementation and maintenance of adequate internal financial controls, that were operating effectively for ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, relevant to the preparation and presentation of the financial statements that give a true and fair view and are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the Standalone Ind AS financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.
Those Board of Directors are also responsible for overseeing the Company's financial reporting process.
Auditor's Responsibility for the Audit of the Standalone Ind AS Financial Statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Standalone Ind AS financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with SAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these standalone Ind AS financial statements.
As part of an audit in accordance with SAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:
• Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the standalone Ind AS financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
• Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances. Under section 143(3)(i) of the Act, we are also responsible for expressing our opinion on whether the Company has adequate internal financial controls with reference to financial statements in place and the operating effectiveness of such controls.
• Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.
• Conclude on the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor's report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
• Evaluate the overall presentation, structure, and content of the standalone Ind AS financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the standalone Ind AS financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
Materiality is the magnitude of misstatements in the standalone financial statements that, individually or in aggregate, makes it probable that the economic decisions of a reasonably knowledgeable user of the financial statements may be influenced. We consider quantitative materiality and qualitative factors in (i) planning the scope of our audit work and in evaluating the results of our work; and (ii) to evaluate the effect of any identified misstatements in the financial statements.
We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.
We also provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.
From the matters communicated with those charged with governance, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the Standalone Financial Statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor's report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.
Report on other legal and regulatory requirements
1. As required by the Companies (Auditor's Report) Order, 2020 ("the Order"), issued by the Central Government
of India in terms of sub-section (11) of Section 143 of the Companies Act, 2013, we enclose in the Annexure -
B, a statement on the matters specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the said Order.
2. As required by Section 143 (3) of the Act, we report that:
a. We have sought and obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our knowledge and belief were necessary for the purposes of our audit;
b. In our opinion, proper books of account as required by law have been kept by the Company so far as appears from our examination of those books;
c. The Balance Sheet, the Statement of Profit and Loss including the Statement of Other Comprehensive Income, the Cash Flow Statement and Statement of Changes in Equity dealt with by this Report are in agreement with the books of account;
d. In our opinion, the aforesaid standalone Ind AS financial statements comply with the Accounting Standards specified under Section 133 of the Act, read with Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, as amended;
e. On the basis of the written representations received from the directors as on March 31, 2025 taken on record by the Board of Directors, none of the directors is disqualified as on March 31, 2025 from being appointed as a director in terms of Section 164 (2) of the Act;
f. With respect to the adequacy of the internal financial controls over financial reporting of the Company with reference to these standalone Ind AS financial statements and the operating effectiveness of such controls, refer to our separate Report in "Annexure A" to this report; Our report expresses an unmodified opinion on the adequacy and operating effectiveness of the company's internal financial controls over financial reporting.
g. With respect to the other matters to be included in the Auditor's Report in accordance with the requirements of section 197 (16) of the Act, as amended:
In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the remuneration paid by the Company to its directors during the year is in accordance with the provisions of section 197 of the Act.
h. With respect to the other matters to be included in the Auditors' Report in accordance with Rule 11 of the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014, in our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us:
i. The Company has disclosed the impact of pending litigations on its financial position in its standalone financial statements as mentioned in Note No: 35
ii. The Company did not have any long-term contracts including derivative contracts for which there were any material foreseeable losses;
iii. There were no amounts which were required to be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund by the Company.
iv. The management has represented that, to the best of its knowledge and belief, other than as disclosed in the notes to the accounts,
1. No funds have been advanced or loaned or invested (either from borrowed funds or share premium or any other sources or kind of funds) by the company to or in any other person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign entities 'Intermediaries', with the understanding, whether recorded in writing or otherwise, that the Intermediary shall, whether, directly or indirectly lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the company 'Ultimate Beneficiaries' or provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries; and
2. No funds have been received by the company from any person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign entities 'Funding Parties', with the understanding, whether recorded in writing or otherwise, that the company shall, whether, directly or indirectly, lend or invest in other persons or entities identified in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of the Funding Party 'Ultimate Beneficiaries' or provide any guarantee, security or the like on behalf of the Ultimate Beneficiaries.
3. Based on audit procedures carried out by us, that we have considered reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances, nothing has come to our notice that has caused us believe that the representations under sub-clause (i) and (ii) contain any material misstatement.
v. The Company has not declared or paid any dividends during the year and accordingly reporting on the compliance with section 123 of the Companies Act, 2013 is not applicable for the year under consideration.
vi. Based on our examination which included test checks, performed by us on the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated in India, have used accounting software systems for maintaining their respective books of account for the financial year ended March 31, 2025 which have the feature of recording audit trail (edit log) facility and the same has operated throughout the year for all relevant transactions recorded in the software systems. Further, during the course of audit, we have not come across any instance of the audit trail feature being tampered with. Additionally, the audit trail has been preserved by the Company as per the statutory requirements for record retention.
For A B C D & Co. LLP
Chartered Accountants Firm No: 016415S/S000188 Vinay Kumar Bachhawat - Partner
Membership No: 214520 Place: Chennai Date: 23.04.2025 UDIN: 25214520BMIHPW5089
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