2.3 Summary of Material accounting policies
(a) Revenue recognition
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Amounts disclosed
as revenue are inclusive of exciseduty and net of returns, trade allowances, rebates, value added taxes
and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The company recognises revenue when the amount of
revenue can be reliably measured, it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and
specific criteria have been met for each of the company’s activities as described below. The company
bases its estimates on historical results, taking into consideration the type of customer, the type of
transaction and the specifics of each arrangement.
(i) Interest income
The Company recognises interest income using Effective Interest Rate (EIR) on all financial assets
subsequently measured at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI).
EIR is calculated by considering all costs and incomes attributable to acquisition of a financial asset or
assumption of a financial liability and it represents a rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
payments/receipts through the expected life of the financial asset/financial liability to the gross carrying
amount of a financial asset or to the amortised cost of a financial liability.
The Company recognises interest income by applying the EIR to the gross carrying amount of financial
assets other than credit-impaired assets. In case of credit-impaired financial assets, the Company
recognises interest income on the amortised cost net of impairment loss of the financial asset at EIR.
Interest on financial assets subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) is recognised
at the contractual rate of interest.
Interest on delayed payments by customers are treated to accrue only on realisation, due to uncertainty
of realisation and are accounted accordingly.
(ii) Dividend income
Revenue is recognised when the company’s right to receive the payment is established, which is generally
when shareholders approve the dividend.
Dividend income is generally recognized as part of the fair value changes of the financial asset. Therefore,
dividends received are included in the fair value gain or loss recognized in the income statement.
(iii) Rental income
Rental income arising from operating leases on investment properties is accounted for on a straight-line
basis over the lease terms and is included in revenue in the statement of profit or loss due to its operating
nature.
(iv) Net gain on Fair value changes
Any differences between the fair values of financial assets classified as fair value through the profit or loss
held by the Company on the balance sheet date is recognised as an unrealised gain / loss. In cases there
is a net gain in the aggregate, the same is recognised in “Net gains on fair value changes” under Revenue
from operations and if there is a net loss the same is disclosed under “Expenses” in the statement of Profit
and Loss.
Similarly, any realised gain or loss on sale of financial instruments measured at FVTPL and debt instruments
measured at FVOCI is recognised in net gain / loss on fair value changes.
However, net gain / loss on derecognition of financial instruments classified as amortised cost is presented
separately under the respective head in the Statement of Profit and Loss
(v) Other revenue from operations
Fees income : Fee based income are recognized when they become measurable and when it is probable
to expect their ultimate collection.
Commission and brokerage income : Commission and brokerage income earned for the services
rendered are recognized as and when they are due.
(b)Taxes
(i) Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or
paid to the taxation authorities in accordance with the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Income Computation
and Disclosure Standards (ICDS) prescribed therein. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the
amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date in the countries where
the company operates and generates taxable income.
Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss
(either in other comprehensive income or in equity). Current tax items are recognised in correlation to the
underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken
in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation
and establishes provisions where appropriate.
(ii) Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities
in the Financial Statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit.
Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets
are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that
taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent
that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred
tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are
recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax
asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when
the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or
substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside profit or loss (either
in other comprehensive income or in equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the
underlying transaction either in Other Comprehensive Income or directly in equity.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to offset current
tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the
same taxation authority.
- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial
recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the
transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss
- In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates
and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that
the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against
which the temporary differences can be utilised
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent
that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred
tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are
recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax
asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when
the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or
substantively enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current
tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the
same taxation authority.
(c)Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement is (or contains) a lease is based on the substance of the
arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the
arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to
use the asset or assets, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
(i) As a lessor
A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. Leases of property, plant
and equipment where the company, as lessee, has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are
classified as finance leases. Finance leases are capitalised at the lease’s inception at the fair value of the
leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments.
The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in borrowings or other financial
liabilities as appropriate. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance
cost is charged to the profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of
interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.
A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty
that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the
shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.
Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the
company as lessee are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of
any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the
period of the lease unless the payments are structured to increase in line with expected general inflation
to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost increases.
(ii) As a lessee
Leases are classified as finance leases when substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership
transfer from the Company to the lessee. Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded
as receivables at the Company’s net investment in the leases.
Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return
on the net investment outstanding in respect of the lease.
Lease income from operating leases where the company is a lessor is recognised in income on a straight¬
line basis over the lease term unless the receipts are structured to increase in line with expected general
inflation to compensate for the expected inflationary cost increases. The respective leased assets are
included in the balance sheet based on their nature.
(d) Impairment of non financial assets
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be
impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company
estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or
cash-generating unit’s (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount
is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely
independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU
exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable
amount.
The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognized in the statement of profit and loss. If at
the balance sheet date there is an indication that a previously assessed impairment loss no longer exists,
the recoverable amount is reassessed, and the impairment is reversed subject to a maximum carrying
value of the asset before impairment.
The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are
prepared separately for each of the Company’s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These
budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-term
growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flow
projections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolates
cash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unless
an increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term average
growth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for the
market in which the asset is used.
Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the
statement of profit and loss, except for properties previously revalued with the revaluation surplus
taken to OCI. For such properties, the impairment is recognised in OCI up to the amount of any previous
revaluation surplus.
For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there
is an indication that previously recognised impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such
indication exists, the Company estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A previously recognised
impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the
asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The reversal is limited so that
the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount
that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised for the
asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognised in the statement of profit or loss unless the asset is carried
at a revalued amount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of each CGU (or group of
CGUs) to which the goodwill relates. When the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying
amount, an impairment loss is recognised. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in
future periods.
(e) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term
deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, which are subject to an insignificant risk of
changes in value.
(f) Financial instruments
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability
or equity instrument of another entity.
(i) Financial assets
Initial recognition and measurement
All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial assets not recorded at
fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financial
asset. Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established
by regulation or convention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognised on the trade date, i.e.,
the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:
- Debt instruments at amortised cost
- Debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
- Debt instruments, derivatives and equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
- Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI)
(1) Debt instruments at amortised cost
A ‘debt instrument’ is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:
a) The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets for collecting contractual
cash flows, and
b) Contractual terms of the asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of
principal and interest (SPPI) on the principal amount outstanding.
This category is the most relevant to the Company. After initial measurement, such financial assets are
subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost
is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an
integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in finance income in the profit or loss. The losses
arising from impairment are recognised in the profit or loss. This category generally applies to trade and
other receivables.
(2) Debt instrument at FVTOCI
A ‘debt instrument’ is classified as at the FVTOCI if both of the following criteria are met:
(a) The objective of the business model is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling
the financial assets, and
(b) The asset’s contractual cash flows represent SPPI.
Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured initially as well as at each reporting
date at fair value. Fair value movements are recognized in the other comprehensive income (OCI). However,
the group recognizes interest income, impairment losses &reversals and foreign exchange gain or loss in
the P&L. On derecognition of the asset, cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified
from the equity to P&L. Interest earned whilst holding FVTOCI debt instrument is reported as interest
income using the EIR method.
(3) Debt instrument at FVTPL
FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria
for categorization as at amortized cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.
In addition, the company may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortized cost
or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a
measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ‘accounting mismatch’). The company has not
designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.
Debt instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes
recognized in the P&L.
(4) Equity investments
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are
held for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the company may make an
irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The
company makes such election on an instrument by- instrument basis. The classification is made on initial
recognition and is irrevocable.
If the company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the
instrument, excluding dividends, are recognized in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI
to P&L, even on sale of investment. However, the company may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within
equity.
Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes
recognized in the P&L.
Derecognition
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial
assets) is primarily derecognised (i.e. removed from the Company’s balance sheet) when:
- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or
- The company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation
to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a ‘pass-through’
arrangement ; and either (a) the company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the
asset, or (b) the company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the
asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
When the company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into
a pass-through arrangement, it evaluates if and to what extent it has retained the risks and rewards of
ownership. When it has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the
asset, nor transferred control of the asset, the company continues to recognise the transferred asset to the
extent of the Company’s continuing involvement. In that case, the company also recognises an associated
liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights
and obligations that the company has retained.
Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the
lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the
company could be required to repay
Impairment of financial assets
The ECL allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset
(the lifetime expected credit loss), unless there has been no significant increase in credit risk
since origination, in which case, the allowance is based on the 12 months’ expected credit loss.
ECLs are required to be measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to
(i) 12-month ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are
possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1) or
(ii) full lifetime ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial
instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).
The Company has established a policy to perform an assessment, at the end of each reporting period,
of whether a financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, by
considering the change in the risk of default occurring over the remaining life of the financial instrument.
The Company does the assessment of significant increase in credit risk at a borrower level.
Based on the above, the Company categorises its loans into Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 as described
below:
Stage 1 : All exposures where there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition
or that has low credit risk at the reporting date are classified under this stage. The Company classifies all
standard loans upto 30 days default under this category. Stage 1 loans also include facilities where the
credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 2.
Stage 2 : All exposures where there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition
but are not credit impaired are classified under this stage. 30 Days Past Due is considered as significant
increase in credit risk.
Stage 3 : All exposures assessed as credit impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental
impact on the estimated future cash flows of that asset have occurred are classified in this stage. For
exposures that have become credit impaired, a lifetime ECL is recognised . 90 Days Past Due is considered
as default for classifying financial instrument as credit impaired.
Write offs
The Company reduces the gross carrying amount of a financial asset when the Company has no reasonable
expectations of recovering a financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. This is generally the case
when the Company determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could
generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subjected to write-offs. Any subsequent recoveries
against such loans are accounted under bad debt recovery disclosed under other operating income.
The Company’s Expected Credit Loss (ECL) calculation is the output of a model with a number of underlying
assumptions regarding the choice of variable inputs and their interdependencies. Elements of the ECL
model that are considered accounting judgements and estimates include:
- The Company’s criteria for assessing if there has been a significant increase in credit risk
- The segmentation of financial assets when their ECL is assessed on a collective basis
- Development of ECL model, including the various formulae and the choice of inputs
- Selection of forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios and their probability weights, to derive the
economic inputs into the ECL model
The Company measures ECL on an individual basis, or on a collective basis for portfolios of loans that
share similar economic risk characteristics.
Recoveries of financial assets written off
Recoveries of financial assets written off The Company recognises income on recoveries of financial
assets written off on realisation basis.
(ii) Financial liabilties
Initial recognition and measurement
Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or
loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective
hedge, as appropriate.
All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and
payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.
The Company’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank
overdrafts, financial guarantee contracts and derivative financial instruments.
Subsequent measurement
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:
(1) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial
liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are
classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term.
Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognised in the profit or loss.
Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated
as such at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in Ind AS 109 are satisfied. For liabilities
designated as FVTPL, fair value gains/ losses attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in
OCI. These gains/ loss are not subsequently transferred to P&L. However, the company may transfer the
cumulative gain or loss within equity. All other changes in fair value of such liability are recognised in the
statement of profit or loss. The company has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through
profit and loss.
(2) Loans and borrowings
This is the category most relevant to the company. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and
borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are
recognised in profit orloss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.
Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or
costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement
of profit and loss.
(iii) Reclassification of financial assets
The company determines classification of financial assets and liabilities on initial recognition. After initial
recognition, no reclassification is made for financial assets which are equity instruments and financial
liabilities. For financial assets which are debt instruments, a reclassification is made only if there is a change
in the business model for managing those assets. Changes to the business model are expected to be
infrequent. The company’s senior management determines change in the business model as a result of
external or internal changes which are significant to the company’s operations. Such changes are evident
to external parties. A change in the business model occurs when the company either begins or ceases to
perform an activity that is significant to its operations. If the company reclassifies financial assets, it applies
the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date which is the first day of the immediately next
reporting period following the change in business model. The company does not restate any previously
recognised gains, losses (including impairment gains or losses) or interest.
(iv) Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the balance sheet if
there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to
settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously
(g) Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation. Historical cost includes
expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as
appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to
the company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component
accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are
charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.
Transition to Ind AS
On transition to Ind AS, the company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all of its property,
plant and equipment recognised as at April 1, 2018 measured as per the previous GAAP and use that
carrying value as the deemed cost of the property, plant and equipment.
Depreciation methods, estimated useful lives and residual value
Depreciation is calculated using the written down value method to allocate their cost, net of their residual
values, over their estimated useful lives which are equal to those prescribed under Schedule II to the
Companies Act, 2013, as follows:
Buildings - 60 years
Furniture and Fixtures - 10 years
Vehicles - 8 years
Office Equipments - 5 years
Computer Hardwares - 3 years
The residual values are not more than 5% of the original cost of the asset.
The assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each
reporting period. An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the
asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with carrying amount. These are
included in profit or loss within other gains/(losses).
(h) Investment properties
Property that is held for long-term rental yields or for capital appreciation or both, and that is not occupied
by the company, is classified as investment property. Investment property is measured initially at its cost,
including related transaction costs and where applicable borrowing costs. Subsequent expenditure is
capitalised to the asset’s carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated
with the expenditure will flow to the company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other
repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. When part of an investment property is
replaced, the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised.
Investment properties are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives i.e
60 years.
(i) Intangible assets
Computer software
Costs associated with maintaining software programmes are recognised as an expense as incurred.
Development costs that are directly attributable to the design and testing of identifiable and unique
software products controlled by the company are recognised as intangible assets when the following
criteria are met:
- it is technically feasible to complete the software so that it will be available for use
- management intends to complete the software and use or sell it
- there is an ability to use or sell the software
- it can be demonstrated how the software will generate probable future economic benefits
- adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the
software are available, and
- the expenditure attributable to the software during its development can be reliably measured.
Directly attributable costs that are capitalised as part of the software include employee costs and an
appropriate portion of relevant overheads.
Capitalised development costs are recorded as intangible assets and amortised from the point at which
the asset is available for use.
Amortisation methods and periods
The Company amortises intangible assets with a finite useful life using the straight-line method over the
following periods:
Patents, copyright and other rights
Computer software 3 - 5 years
(j) Trade and other payables
These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the company prior to the end
of financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless
payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognised initially at their fair
value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
(k) Borrowings
Debt securities and other borrowings
The Company recognises debt securities and other borrowings when funds reach the Company. After
initial measurement, debt issued and other borrowed funds are subsequently measured at amortised
cost. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on issue funds, and
costs that are an integral part of the EIR.
|