Note No. 1 - Corporate information and material accounting policies

A. Corporate Information

Mahindra EPC Irrigation Limited (Company) is a Public Limited Company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Limited and National Stock Exchange. It was incorporated on November 28, 1981 under the Companies Act, 2013. It is engaged in the business of Micro Irrigation Systems such as Drip and Sprinklers, Agricultural Pumps, Greenhouses and Land Scape Products. The Company is a public limited Company and domiciled in India. The address of its corporate office is H-109, MIDC, Ambad, Nashik, Maharashtra 422010. As at 31st March 2025 Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, the holding company own 54.21% of the Company’s equity share capital.

B. Basis of preparation

a. Statement of compliance

These standalone financial statements of Mahindra EPC Irrigation Limited (‘the Company’) have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards as per the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 as amended and notified under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (the ‘Act’) and other relevant provisions of the Act.

These standalone financial statements were approved by the Company’s Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 17 April 2025.

b. Operating Cycle

All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per the Company’s normal operating cycle, paragraph 66 and 69 of Ind AS 1 and other criteria as set out in the Division II of Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013.

An asset is treated as current when it is

a. Expected to be realised or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle:

b. Held primarily for the purpose of trading;

c. Expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period; or

d. Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is treated as current when

a. It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle;

b. It is held primarily for the purpose of trading;

c. It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or

d. There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

All other liabilities are classified as non-current.

Based on the nature of products and the time between acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents, the Company has ascertained its operating cycle as 12 months for the purpose of current or non-current classification of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

C. Basis of measurement and fair value

The standalone financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain financial instruments and net defined benefit liability that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below.

Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is determined on such basis, except for share-based payment transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 102, and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realisable value in Ind AS 2 or value in use in Ind AS 36.

In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into Level 1, 2, or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:

• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date;

• Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

D. Functional and presentation currency

These financial statements are presented in Indian Rupees (‘Rupees’) which is also the Company’s functional currency. All amounts are rounded-off to the nearest rupee in crores (two decimals), unless otherwise indicated.

E. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. For the year ended March 31, 2025, MCA has notified Ind AS - 117 Insurance Contracts and amendments to Ind AS 116 - Leases, relating to sale and leaseback transactions, applicable to the Company w.e.f. April 1, 2024. The Company has reviewed the new pronouncements and based on its evaluation has determined that it does not have any significant impact in its Standalone financial statements.

F. Property, Plant and equipment :

Property, Plant and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Cost includes cost of acquisition or construction and is stated at historical cost.

Depreciation on all property, plant and equipment, is provided on Straight Line Method as per the estimated useful life. Leasehold Assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives. Depreciation on additions to assets or on sale / disposal of assets is calculated from the date of such addition or up to the date of such sale / disposal as the case may be.

Cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates, any directly attributable cost of bringing the item to its working condition for its intended use and estimated costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Property, Plant and equipment retired from active use and held for sale are stated at the lower of their net book value and net realisable value and are disclosed separately in the Balance Sheet.

The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognised as an asset if, and only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.

An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in statement of profit and loss.

The management’s estimate of useful lives are in accordance with Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 and based on the Company’s expected usage pattern supported by technical assessment:

The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on prospective basis.

G. Intangible Assets:

Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortised on a straight line basis so as to reflect the pattern in which the asset’s economic benefits are consumed.

Intangible assets are recognised only when economic benefit attributable to the assets will flow to the enterprise and cost can be measured reliably. They are being amortised over the estimated useful life of 36 months.

The estimated useful life of the intangible assets and the amortisation period are reviewed at the end of each financial year and the amortisation period is revised to reflect the changed pattern, if any.

Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

H. Impairment of Assets:

The carrying value of assets / cash generating units at each balance sheet date is reviewed for impairment excluding inventories and deferred tax. If any indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of such assets is estimated and impairment is recognised, if the carrying amount of these assets exceeds their recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the fair value less costs of disposal and their value in use. Value in use is arrived at by discounting the future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life to their present value based on an appropriate discount factor. When there is indication that an impairment loss recognised for an asset in earlier accounting periods no longer exists or may have decreased, such reversal of impairment loss is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss of the amount. They arrived at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses.

When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years.

I. Inventories:

Inventories comprise of raw materials, work in progress, finished goods and stock in trade, are valued at costs of purchase, conversion and other costs incurred if any in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Inventories are stated at lower of cost and net realisable value.

Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.

The net realisable value of work-in-progress is determined with reference to the selling prices of related finished goods. The comparison of cost and net realisable value is made on an item-by-Item basis.

Cost is determined on the basis of the weighted average method.

J. Foreign Exchange Transactions:

In preparing the financial statements transactions in other than the company’s functional currency are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of transaction. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are restated at the rates prevailing at that date. The exchange difference between the rate prevailing on the date of transaction and on the date of settlement as also on translation of monetary items at the end of the year is recognised as income or expense, as the case may be. Non - Monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not restated.

K. Revenue recognition:

Revenue from contracts with customer

Revenue from contract with customers is recognised when the Company satisfies performance obligation by transferring promised goods to the customer. Performance obligations are satisfied at the point of time when the customer obtains controls of the asset.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer, stated net of discounts, returns and Goods and Service tax.

The Company recognises revenue from the following major sources:

a) Sale of Products; and

b) Sale of services. a) Sale of Products

The company sells Micro irrigation systems (MIS) both to the Open market and Project market. Sales-related warranties associated with MIS cannot be purchased separately and they serve as an assurance that the products sold comply with agreed-upon specifications. Accordingly, the Company accounts for warranties in accordance with Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (refer note no. 14).

For sales of MIS to open market, revenue is recognised when control of the good has transferred, being when the goods have been delivered to the dealer based on the terms and conditions in his agreement. Following delivery, the dealer has full discretion over the manner of distribution and price to sell the goods, has the primary responsibility when on selling the goods and bears the risks of obsolescence and loss in relation to the goods.

For sales of MIS to project market, revenue is recognised when control of the good has transferred, being when the goods have been installed at the farmers’ place as per the approved design and acknowledged by the implementing agency. Following which farmer has full control of the MIS.

A receivable is recognised by the Company when the goods are delivered to the distributor /MIS installation acknowledged by the implementing agency as this represents the point in time at which the right to consideration becomes unconditional, as only the passage of time is required before payment is due.

Revenue for fixed-price contracts is recognised using percentage-of-completion method. The Company uses judgement to estimate the future cost-to-completion of the contracts which is used to determine degree of completion of the performance obligation.

Project revenue is recognised on the basis of cost completion after the threshold limit of 30% of the cost is completed. b) Sale of Services

Sale of services are recognised on satisfaction of performance obligation towards rendering of such services.

L. Other income:

Dividend income from investments is recognised in statement of profit and loss when the shareholders right to receive payment has been established.

Interest income from financial assets is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the company and the amount of income can be measured reliably.

Interest income is accrued on time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of the financial asset and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial assets, to that asset’s net carrying amount on initial recognition.

M. Employee benefits:

a) Short term and other long term employee benefits

A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respected of wages and salaries, annual leave and sick leave in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that services. Liabilities recognised in respect of other long -term employee benefits are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Company in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

b) Post-employment benefits

(i) Defined contribution plans

The Company’s contribution to provident fund, employee state insurance scheme and superannuation fund are considered as defined contribution plans and are charged as an expense as they fall due based on the amount of contribution required to be made and when services are rendered by the employee.

(ii) Defined benefit plans

The employees’ gratuity fund scheme, managed by Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) is a defined benefit plan. The present value of obligation is determined based on actuarial valuation carried out as at the end of each financial year using the Projected Unit Credit Method.

The obligation is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rate used for determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit plans, is based on the market yield on government securities, of a maturity period equivalent to the weighted average maturity profile of the related obligations at the Balance Sheet date.

Remeasurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the changes to the asset ceiling (if applicable) and the return on plan assets (excluding net interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit recognised in other comprehensive income in the period in which they occur. Remeasurement recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and is not reclassified to profit or loss. Past service cost is recognised in the statement of profit or loss in the period of a plan amendment. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset.

(iii) Share based payment

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees and others providing similar services are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in note 20.

The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Company’s estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognised in profit or loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate with a corresponding adjustment to the equity-settled employee benefits reserve.

Other long-term benefits:

Compensated absences: Compensated absences which are expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as undiscounted liability at the balance sheet date. Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the related services are recognised as an actuarially determined liability at the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date using the Projected Unit Credit Method.

N. Leases:

The Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains a lease, at inception of the contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether: (1) the contract involves the use of an identified asset (2) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and (3) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognise a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is lessee, except for short-term leases (leases with a term of twelve months or less), leases of low value assets and, for contract where the lessee and lessor has right to terminate a lease without permission from the other party with no more than an insignificant penalty. The lease expense of such short-term leases, low value assets leases and cancellable leases, are recognised as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

At commencement date, lease liability is measured at the present value of the lease payments to be paid during noncancellable period of the contract, discounted using the incremental borrowing rate. The right-of-use assets is initially recognised at the amount of the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, lease payments made at or before commencement date less any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs.

Subsequently the right-of-use asset is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses. Lease liability is subsequently measured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability (using effective interest rate method) and reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made. The right-of-use asset and lease liability are also adjusted to reflect any lease modifications or revised in-substance fixed lease payments.

The Company evaluates if an arrangement qualifies to be a lease as per the requirements of Ind AS 116.

The right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The right-of-use asset is also assessed for impairment when such indicators exist.

As a lessor:

Income from operating leases where the Company is a lessor is recognised as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

O. Borrowing Costs:

All borrowing costs are charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss except, borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or construction of qualifying assets which are those that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, which are capitalised as part of the cost of such assets.

P. Product Warranty:

In respect of warranties given by the Company on sale of certain products, the estimated costs of these warranties are accrued at the time of sale. The estimates for accounting of warranties are discounted when required and are reviewed and revisions are made as required by the management of the company.

Q. Taxes on income:

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle the asset and the liability on a net basis. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority.

Current tax is the expected tax payable/receivable on the taxable income/loss for the year using applicable tax rates for the relevant period, and any adjustment to taxes in respect of previous years. Interest expenses and penalties, if any, related to income tax are included in finance cost and other expenses respectively. Interest Income, if any, related to income tax is included in other income.

Uncertain Tax position:

Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate. The provision is estimated based on one of two methods, the expected value method (the sum of the probability weighted amounts in a range of possible outcomes) or the single most likely amount method, depending on which is expected to better predict the resolution of the uncertainty.

Company has not recognised the deferred tax assets/liabilities on gain/(loss) on disposal of investment in joint venture as at reporting date.

Company recognises the temporary differences on Right of use assets (ROU) and lease liabilities on net basis as at reporting date.

• Current Tax

Income Taxes are accounted for in accordance with IND AS-12. Tax expenses comprise both current tax and deferred tax. Current tax is the amount of tax payable on the taxable income for the year as determined in accordance with the applicable tax rates and the provisions of the Income Tax Act 1961, and other applicable tax laws.

• Deferred Tax

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

R. Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets:

A provision is recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of past events and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation in respect of which a reliable estimate can be made. Provisions (excluding retirement benefits - Refer Note No. 28) are discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimate required to settle the obligation at the Balance Sheet date. Provisions & contingent liabilities are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates.

Contingent liabilities and assets are not recognised but are disclosed in the notes.

S. Operating Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decisionmaker (CODM). The CODM, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified by the company. The CODM of the company reviews the operation of the company as Precision Farming Products & Services.

An operating segment is a component of the Company that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Group’s other components, and for which discrete financial information is available. All operating segments’ operating results are reviewed regularly by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments and assess their performance.

T. Investment in Joint Venture

The company accounts for its investments in Joint Venture at cost less accumulated impairment, if any.

U. Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

The Company has an established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values.

This includes a management has overall responsibility for overseeing all significant fair value measurements, including Level 3 fair values.

The management regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments. If third party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the internal valuation team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that these valuations meet the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the valuations should be classified.”

Significant valuation issues are reported to the Company’s audit committee if any.

When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses observable market data as far as possible. If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorised in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.

The Company recognises transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred.

Classification and subsequent measurement Financial assets

All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognised and derecognised on a trade date basis. Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame established by regulation or convention in the marketplace.

All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.

Classification of financial assets:

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost (except for debt instruments that are designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition):

• the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

• the contractual terms of the instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Trade Receivables

Trade receivables are initially recognised at fair value except for those without a significant financing component which are initially measured at transaction price. Subsequently, these assets are held at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate (EIR) method net of any expected credit losses. The EIR is the rate that discounts estimated future cash income through the expected life of financial instrument.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)

Investments in equity instruments are classified as at FVTPL, unless the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for investments in equity instruments which are not held for trading.

Debt instruments that do not meet the amortised cost criteria or FVTOCI criteria are measured at FVTPL. In addition, debt instruments that meet the amortised cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria but are designated as at FVTPL are measured at FVTPL.

A financial asset that meets the amortised cost criteria or debt instruments that meet the FVTOCI criteria may be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases. The Company has not designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the ‘Other income’ line item.

Impairment of financial assets

The Company applies the expected credit loss model for recognising impairment loss on financial assets measured at amortised cost, trade receivables, other contractual rights to receive cash or other financial asset.

Further, for the purpose of measuring lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables, the Company has used a practical expedient as permitted under Ind AS 109. This expected credit loss allowance is computed based on a provision matrix which takes into account historical credit loss experience and adjusted for forward-looking information. Assessment of whether there is significant increase in the credit risk of a particular customer is performed periodically basis a review of collection trends, credit worthiness and other macro-economic factors.

Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognises its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognise the financial asset and also recognises a collateralised borrowing for the proceeds received.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognised in profit or loss if such gain or loss would have otherwise been recognised in profit or loss on disposal of that financial asset.

Financial liabilities

All financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL. Financial liabilities subsequently measured at amortised cost:

Financial liabilities that are not held-for-trading and are not designated as at FVTPL are measured at amortised cost at the end of subsequent accounting periods. The carrying amounts of financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortised cost are determined based on the effective interest method. Interest expense that is not capitalised as part of costs of an asset is included in the ‘Finance costs’ line item.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Group is recognised at the proceeds received, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

V. Use of judgements and estimates

In preparing these financial statements, management has made judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of the Company’s accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to estimates are recognised prospectively.

Following are areas that involved a higher degree of estimate and judgement or complexity in determining the carrying amount of some assets and liabilities.

- useful life of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets (Refer Note 1, Point F)

- estimation of defined benefit obligation (Refer Note 28)

- provision for warranty claims (Refer Note 14)

- income taxes - current and deferred taxes (Refer Note 7)

- impairment of trade receivables (Refer Note 5)

Detailed information about each of these estimates and judgements that have a significant risk of resulting in material adjustment within the next financial year is included in relevant notes for the above items.

Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that may have a financial impact on the Company and that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

W. Contingent Liabilities & Commitments

Contingent liabilities are disclosed when there is a possible obligation arising from past events, the existence of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Company or a present obligation that arises from past events where it is either not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation or a reliable estimate of the amount cannot be made

(i) I t is not practicable for the Company to estimate the timings of cash outflows, if any, in respect of the pending resolution of the respective proceedings as it is determinable only on receipt of judgements/decisions pending with various forums/authorities.

(ii) The Company does not expect any reimbursements in respect of the contingent liabilities.

(iii) The Company’s pending litigations comprise of claims against the Company by employees and pertaining to proceedings pending with various direct tax, indirect tax and other authorities. The Company has reviewed all its pending litigations and proceedings and has adequately provided for where provisions are required or disclosed as contingent liabilities where applicable, in its standalone financial statements. The Company does not expect the outcome of these proceedings to have a materially adverse effect on its standalone financial statements.

X. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet includes cash at bank and on hand, deposits with banks & financial institutions, other short term highly liquid investments, with original maturities less than three months which are readily convertible into cash and which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents as defined above is net of outstanding bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Company’s cash management.

Y. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders (after deducting attributable taxes) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period.

To calculate diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the year attributable to equity shareholders and the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.